• HVYSNOW: Probabilistic Heavy Snow And Icing Discussion

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 22 09:33:06 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 220932
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    432 AM EST Sun Feb 22 2026

    Valid 12Z Sun Feb 22 2026 - 12Z Wed Feb 25 2026

    ...Central Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic, through Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    *** Nor'Easter rapidly develops today as it slowly shifts north just
    off the Mid-Atlantic Coast. Heavy snow and blizzard conditions=20
    are expected for the Delmarva through the Northeast Urban Corridor
    through eastern New England through Monday. ***

    Northern stream mid-level trough axis is over St. Louis while
    a southern stream wave in the right entrance region of the SWly=20
    jet is allowing surface cyclogenesis over the Carolina Coast. These
    features phase this morning, the jet shifts east, bringing the
    surface low into the left exit of the jet stream, promoting rapid=20
    low development north of Cape Hatteras. 1050mb surface high=20
    pressure approaches Ontario tonight, setting up a great pressure=20
    gradient across the Great Lakes and Northeast. By this afternoon,
    the deepening low off the Delmarva begins drawing cold air in from
    the NW with low level fgen banding allowing snow accum across the=20 Mid-Atlantic (from the morning rain to higher elevation snow). Snow
    rates really increase this evening over the Delmarva/NJ and NYC=20
    from the combo of further low development and nocturnal trends with
    00Z HREF mean snow rates of 1"/hr over this area by 00Z with=20
    localized 2"/hr rates in NJ by midnight. Late night snow rates=20
    further increase, exceeding 2.5"/hr over Long Island before=20
    shifting to southeast New England by 09Z. Day 1 snow probs for >12"
    are 70-90% from the MD part of the Delmarva through southeast=20
    Mass. Day 1 snow probs for >24% are 50% for the central Jersey=20
    Shore. Probs for >6" greater than 50% are over the Blue Ridge,=20
    north/east of the Potomac River in central/southern Maryland,=20
    across eastern PA and the Hudson Valley.

    Event peak snow rates per the HREF are 3"/hr early Monday, though=20
    the very high winds (with gusts potentially to 70mph) will limit=20
    the SLR, so that may not be realized, but it'll be quite impactful
    snow banding with oceanic enhancement. The low then pivots to=20
    Nova Scotia with rates of 1-2"/hr through Monday afternoon. Monday
    evening north flow from the Gulf of Maine should allow a pivoting
    band of ocean enhanced snow into southeast Mass/Cape Cod further
    adding to the historic snow. Day 2 snow probs for >12" are 50-70%
    over eastern Mass and just off the Maine coast with 50% probs for
    6" from southern NH through eastern Maine and down through eastern
    CT.=20

    Upslope snow through the central Apps begins this afternoon,=20
    continuing through Monday evening. Snow rates generally stay below
    1"/hr, but the prolonged duration leads to some significant snow
    fall. Day 1 snow probs for >8" are 50-80% from the Laurels of PA
    through the Allegheny Plateau of central WV.


    ...Cascades and Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Sprawling deep low lingers well off the WA coast today which
    directs Pacific moisture across the Northwest CONUS. This low then
    shears into a zonally oriented trough Monday which directs an=20
    atmospheric river (AR) into OR later Monday before shunting south=20
    through northern CA Monday night/Tuesday.=20

    Snow levels rise today to 3500ft in the WA Cascades, 5000-6000ft=20
    in OR, and 6500ft in far northern CA. Day 1 snow probs for >6" are
    40-80% in the WA Cascades (above pass level) and the highest OR/CA
    Cascades.

    A tighter baroclinic zone sets up Monday with snow levels dropping
    to around 2500ft at Snoqualmie Pass WA and to around 4000ft in
    northwest MT while rising above 7000/8000ft in the core of the AR=20
    in OR. Day 2 snow probs for >6" are 50% at pass level in the WA
    Cascades and for the ranges of northwest MT.

    The southward shift in the AR through Tuesday brings heavy precip
    to northern portions of CA and the Great Basin with CA snow levels
    over 9000ft with no snow impacts. Snow levels are closer to 7000ft
    in NW WY and central ID where Day 3 snow probs are 50-80%.


    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1/2...

    Inverted trough extending northwest from low over Lake Huron
    maintains NNWly flow and strong cold air advection over Lakes
    Superior and Michigan today. This expands east across Lake Erie
    tonight into Monday as the Nor'easter develops off the Mid-=20
    Atlantic coast. Day 1 snow probs for >4" are 40-70% over the=20
    Porcupine and Huron Mtns as well as over far SW MI and northern IN.
    Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are 40-70% southeast of Lake Erie in
    northeast OH, Erie Co PA, and Chautauqua Co NY.=20


    Day 3...

    An Alberta Clipper shift ESE from northern MN through MI Tuesday
    before reaching Upstate NY Tuesday night. Warm air advection ahead
    of the surface low will be into an Arctic airmass with plenty of
    DGZ available for snow crystal growth. Moderate snow rates from
    Lake Michigan enhancement can be expected in the eastern U.P. where
    Day 3 snow probs for >6" are 40-60%. LES begins on the back side of
    the clipper Tuesday night off Lake Superior, spreading across the
    Great Lakes then Wednesday.=20


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect and linked below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7-LaZPOPlrPW98ANYbzj9RtgLhlZw1R9wiBGtRmQRjtDd= Tm4_LCE2l4za3kMQ2-qQ4YjSiX-buitcl-hT755-HL4sbk$=20



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 22 19:52:17 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 221952
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    252 PM EST Sun Feb 22 2026

    Valid 00Z Mon Feb 23 2026 - 00Z Thu Feb 26 2026

    ...Central Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic, through Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    *** Nor'Easter rapidly develops today as it slowly shifts north
    just off the Mid-Atlantic Coast. Heavy snow and blizzard
    conditions are expected for the Delmarva through the Northeast
    Urban Corridor into eastern New England through Monday. ***

    Forecast for a major impact Nor'Easter remains on track with
    significant snow and major impacts likely for areas along and east
    of I-95 from the Delmarva up through Eastern New England. Surface
    analysis at 18z indicates a strengthening 1001mb SLP about 70-80
    miles offshore of the VA/NC border. Expectation is for this low to
    undergo rapid intensification later this evening as the upper
    pattern to the west begins to tilt negative and steadily close off
    at 500mb and 700mb as it cuts across the state of VA, and as it
    nestles within the LER of a potent 140kt upper jet max currently
    pivoting east across the Carolinas. By 03z Mon, the upper levels=20
    will begin the process of "capturing" the surface low off the Lower
    Delmarva leading to the rapid intensification as the system becomes
    more vertically stacked with the 850-500mb height fields coming
    into alignment. By Monday morning, our surface low will be easily
    into the low-mid 970s with further intensification likely as it
    drifts to the northeast becoming positioned to the southeast of
    Nantucket by the afternoon hours. A 1050mb surface high pressure=20
    approaches Ontario tonight, setting up a great pressure gradient=20
    across the Great Lakes and Northeast leading to blizzard conditions
    for those along and southeast of the I-95 corridor from
    Philadelphia up through NJ/LI/NYC into all of Southeast New
    England.

    Beginning to see heavier precip bands across the Delmarva pivoting
    up into Southern NJ with any rainfall changing over to snow as
    diabatic cooling processes aid in the transition from liquid to
    solid hydrometeors. Areas across the Central Mid Atlantic will see
    a transition from rain to snow between 20-22z as the upper level
    dynamics mature and attendant height falls from the west contribute
    to swift top-down cooling processes to eventually change to setup=20
    to all snow. We'll see all snow the entire Northeast corridor by=20
    that point leading to steady accumulations from NoVA up through New
    England.

    Snowfall rates really increase this evening over the Delmarva/NJ=20
    and NYC from the combo of further low development and nocturnal=20
    trends with 12Z HREF snow rate probabilities of at least 1"/hr
    between 60-90+% over this area by 00Z with localized 2"/hr rates
    across southern DE into NJ by midnight. Late night snow rates=20
    further increase, exceeding 2.5"/hr over Long Island before=20
    shifting to southeast New England by 09Z. Day 1-1.5 snow probs for
    12" are 70-100% from the MD part of the Delmarva through=20
    the eastern two-thirds of Mass. Day 1-1.5 snow probs for >18" are=20
    highest across much of NJ through LI into eastern Mass with probs
    between 50-80%. One area to point out away from the area of highest
    impact is across portions of NoVA into west-central MD up into
    central PA where a localized, narrow band of heavy snowfall is=20
    forecast from a maturing norlun (inverted) trough axis that will=20
    setup well northwest of the surface low as low-level winds converge
    on the outer proxy of the surface cyclone and maturing 850mb low=20
    maturing nearby. Recent probabilities for >4" really denote this=20
    potential with a narrow corridor of 40-70% probs over the area of=20 anticipated impact with ~80% across the Catoctin Mtns between=20
    MD/PA. Rates of 1-2"/hr with large dendrite production will likely=20
    occur in this band providing short term impacts later this evening=20
    when it materializes.=20

    Event peak snow rates per the HREF are 3"/hr early Monday, though=20
    the very high winds (with gusts potentially to 70mph) will limit=20
    the SLR, so that may not be realized, but it'll be quite impactful
    snow banding with oceanic enhancement. The low then pivots towards=20
    Nova Scotia with rates of 1-2"/hr through Monday afternoon. Monday=20
    evening north flow from the Gulf of Maine should allow a pivoting=20
    band of ocean enhanced snow into southeast Mass/Cape Cod further=20
    adding to the historic snow. Day 2 snow probs for >12" are 50-70%=20
    over eastern Mass and just off the Maine coast with 60-80% probs=20
    for >6" from southern NH through eastern Maine and down through=20
    eastern CT.=20

    Upslope snow through the central Apps will occur this afternoon,=20
    continuing through Monday evening. Snow rates generally stay below=20
    1"/hr, but the prolonged duration leads to some significant snow=20
    fall. Day 1-1.5 snow probs for >6" are 50-80% in the Laurels of PA
    through the Allegheny Plateau of central WV.


    ...Cascades and Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    General continuity from the previous forecast...Sprawling deep low
    continues to linger well off the WA coast today, directing Pacific
    moisture across the Northwest CONUS. This low then shears into a=20
    zonally oriented trough Monday which directs an atmospheric river=20
    (AR) into OR later Monday before shunting south through northern CA
    Monday night/Tuesday.=20

    Snow levels rise today to 3500ft in the WA Cascades, 5000-6000ft=20
    in OR, and 6500ft in far northern CA. Day 1 snow probs for >6" are
    50-90% in the WA Cascades (above pass level) and the highest OR/CA
    Cascades.

    A tighter baroclinic zone sets up Monday with snow levels dropping
    to around 2500ft at Snoqualmie Pass WA and to around 4000ft in
    northwest MT while rising above 7000/8000ft in the core of the AR=20
    in OR. Day 2 snow probs for >6" are 50% at pass level in the WA
    Cascades and for the ranges of northwest MT.

    The southward shift in the AR through Tuesday brings heavy precip
    to northern portions of CA and the Great Basin with CA snow levels
    over 9000ft with no snow impacts. Snow levels are closer to 7000ft
    in NW WY and central ID where Day 3 >6" snow probs are 50-80%.


    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1/2...

    No change to the previous forecast. Inverted trough extending=20
    northwest from low over Lake Huron maintains NNWly flow and strong=20
    cold air advection over Lakes Superior and Michigan today. This=20
    expands east across Lake Erie tonight into Monday as the Nor'easter
    develops off the Mid- Atlantic coast. Day 1 snow probs for >4" are
    40-70% over the Porcupine and Huron Mtns as well as over far SW MI
    and northern IN. Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are 40-70% southeast=20
    of Lake Erie in northeast OH, Erie Co PA, and Chautauqua Co NY.=20


    Day 3...

    An Alberta Clipper shift ESE from northern MN through MI Tuesday
    before reaching Upstate NY Tuesday night. Warm air advection ahead
    of the surface low will be into an Arctic airmass with plenty of
    DGZ available for snow crystal growth. Moderate snow rates from
    Lake Michigan enhancement can be expected in the eastern U.P. where
    Day 3 snow probs for >6" are 40-60%. LES begins on the back side=20
    of the clipper Tuesday night off Lake Superior, spreading across=20
    the Great Lakes then Wednesday leading to >6" snow probs between
    40-70% downwind of Superior across the central and eastern U.P. of Michigan.=20=20

    Kleebauer/Jackson


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_frHhoQK2wDyQNkT9xTIeE9j7jYbRuvidC2lVtFkElzDz= YBFzQTmhA4s_xJHiqbQPOZy0bVUZGeZSObvSJH_5UXvq8E$=20



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 23 08:47:34 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 230847
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    347 AM EST Mon Feb 23 2026

    Valid 12Z Mon Feb 23 2026 - 12Z Thu Feb 26 2026

    ...Central Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic, through Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    *** Mature Nor'Easter shifts northeast today from off the Mid-
    Atlantic Coast to Nova Scotia. Blizzard conditions continue for
    the northern Mid-Atlantic coast this morning and the rest of today
    for eastern New England ***

    Nor'easter near peak intensity with the low pressure center near
    970mb as it tracks northeast from it's current location off the
    Delmarva. A surface ridge extending into the central Appalachians from
    a 1050mb surface high pressure entering western Ontario, ensures a
    great pressure gradient across the Northeast maintaining blizzard=20
    conditions for the Northeastern Seaboard, including the northern
    Mid-Atlantic through this morning and eastern New England through
    the rest of today.=20

    A well defined outer band lingers over NJ into CT into the mid-
    morning with high snowfall rates over 2"/hr. This outer band with
    inner bands over southeast New England produce the event peak snow
    rates around mid morning. The 00Z HREF continues to indicate 3"/hr
    rate potential over eastern Mass 12-14Z, though the powerful wind
    should limit SLRs, but it'll be quite impactful snow banding with=20
    oceanic enhancement. The low then pivots toward Nova Scotia with=20
    rates of 1-2"/hr over eastern New England into this evening.=20
    The threat for evening north flow from the Gulf of Maine through
    eastern Mass/Cape Cod is looking less impactful as the progression
    of the low as increased. Additional snowfall >12" after 12Z is
    50-70% across southeast Mass and just off the Maine Coast.

    Upslope snow through the central Apps on NW flow continues into=20
    the overnight. Snow rates stay below 1"/hr per the 00Z HREF, but=20
    the prolonged duration leads to some significant snow fall. Day 1=20
    snow probs for an additional >6" after 12Z are 50-80% in the=20
    highest reaches of the Allegheny Highlands in WV.


    ...Cascades and Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Sheared low/zonally-oriented trough directs an atmospheric river=20
    (AR) into OR this afternoon before shunting south through northern
    CA tonight/Tuesday. This trough allows a tight baroclinic zone to
    setup today with snow levels dropping to around 2500ft at=20
    Snoqualmie Pass WA and to around 4000ft in northwest MT while=20
    rising above 7000/8000ft in the core of the AR in OR. Day 1 snow=20
    probs for >6" are 50% at pass level in the WA Cascades and for the=20
    ranges of western MT/northern ID.

    The southward shift in the AR through Tuesday brings heavy precip
    to northern portions of CA and the Great Basin with CA snow levels
    over 9000ft with no snow impacts. Snow levels are closer to 7000ft
    in western WY and central ID where Day 2 snow probs for >6" snow=20
    probs are 60-90%. Exceptional moisture is directed across the
    northern Great Basin with Day 2 snow probs for >24" over 50% in the
    Tetons.

    The snow focus shifts south down the Rockies into northern CO
    Wednesday, but it's transient in a powerful westerly jet. Day 3
    snow probs for >6" are 30-60% in the north-central CO ranges,
    western WY, around Glacier NP, and in the higher WA Cascades.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 2/3...

    An Alberta Clipper shifts ESE from northern MN through MI on Tuesday
    before reaching Upstate NY Tuesday night and crossing New England
    on Wednesday. Warm air advection ahead of the surface low will be=20
    into an Arctic airmass with plenty of DGZ available for snow=20
    crystal growth. Moderate snow rates from Lake Michigan enhancement=20
    can be expected in the eastern U.P. where Day 2 snow probs for >6"
    are 50-70%. Brief LES trails the clipper Tuesday night off Lake=20
    Superior, then spreading across the Great Lakes Wednesday. Day 2
    snow probs for >6" are 50% in the Keweenaw Peninsula and around=20
    40% in the Tug Hill for Day 2.5.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    The next clipper crosses the northern Plains Wednesday, pushing
    into the Midwest Wednesday night. The GFS remains the farthest
    north/strongest with this clipper, so stay tuned on potential with
    it which may include both a wintry mix and snow.


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages remain in effect and linked below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8Znu8fR_9IVejKjnscDMc6fpzNl-fs1qKha09ZcxW9xY-= aU9kvY-_-umYCHxRv43o4VqsiDTMlZUXn7UUkzM41GPHrg$=20



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 23 19:37:33 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 231937
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    237 PM EST Mon Feb 23 2026

    Valid 00Z Tue Feb 24 2026 - 00Z Fri Feb 27 2026

    ...Central Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic, through Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    *** Mature Nor'Easter shifts northeast today from the Atlantic
    Coast to Nova Scotia. Blizzard conditions continue for Eastern New
    England through the rest of today ***

    Surface low across the northwestern Atlantic has fallen to around
    968mb, located 100 miles southeast of Nantucket. Heavy snowfall=20
    continues across Southeast Massachusetts down into Rhode Island=20
    where 24+" have been reported within the primary axis of=20
    deformation that has sat over the aforementioned area. Snowfall=20
    will continue across eastern New England from Downeast ME through=20
    eastern Mass and RI this afternoon and evening before finally=20
    cutting off as the occluded low shifts east-northeast. Probs for=20
    4" after 12z Tuesday are unlikely (<15%) with the only viable=20
    chance over Downeast ME. As a result, this will be the last update=20
    for our powerful Nor'Easter.=20

    ...Cascades and Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Sheared low/zonally-oriented trough directs an atmospheric river=20
    (AR) into OR this afternoon before shunting south through northern
    CA tonight/Tuesday. This trough allows a tight baroclinic zone to
    setup today with snow levels dropping to around 2500ft at=20
    Snoqualmie Pass WA and to around 4000ft in northwest MT while=20
    rising above 7000/8000ft in the core of the AR in OR. Day 1 snow=20
    probs for >6" are 50% at pass level in the WA Cascades and for the=20
    ranges of western MT/northern ID.

    The southward shift in the AR through Tuesday brings heavy precip
    to northern portions of CA and the Great Basin with CA snow levels
    over 9000ft with no snow impacts. Snow levels are closer to 7000ft
    in western WY and central ID where Day 2 snow probs for >6" snow=20
    probs are 60-90%. Exceptional moisture is directed across the
    northern Great Basin with Day 2 snow probs for >24" is between
    50-80% in the Tetons and multi-day totals likely to exceed 3ft.

    The snow focus shifts south down the Rockies into northern CO
    Wednesday, but it's transient in a powerful westerly jet. Day 3
    snow probs for >6" are 30-60% in the north-central CO ranges,
    western WY, around Glacier NP, and in the higher WA Cascades.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 2/3...

    No major changes to the current forecast for the next disturbance. An
    Alberta Clipper will shift ESE from northern MN through MI on=20
    Tuesday before reaching Upstate NY Tuesday night and crossing New=20
    England on Wednesday. Warm air advection ahead of the surface low=20
    will be into an Arctic airmass with plenty of DGZ available for=20
    snow crystal growth. Moderate snow rates from Lake Michigan=20
    enhancement can be expected in the eastern U.P. where Day 2 snow=20
    probs for >6" are 50-80%. Brief LES trails the clipper Tuesday=20
    night off Lake Superior, then spreading across the Great Lakes=20
    Wednesday. Day 2 snow probs for >6" are 50-70% in the Keweenaw=20
    Peninsula and now up over 50% in the Tug Hill with a max of 80%
    situated due east of Lake Ontario in the Tug Hill between Adams
    Center and Pulaski for Day 2.5. Lower probabilities for >6"
    (10-30%) off Lake Erie across the hills in southwest NY state, but
    4" probs are relatively high due to uniformity of a general 4-8"
    forecast for those areas downwind of the lake for D2-2.5.=20


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    The next clipper crosses the northern Plains Wednesday, pushing
    into the Midwest Wednesday night. The GFS still remains the=20
    farthest north/strongest with this clipper producing a swath of
    3-6" across eastern SD into IA on D3. Other guidance remains less
    bullish, so stay tuned on the potential with it which may include=20
    both a wintry mix and snow.

    Jackson/Kleebauer



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_UYIDY4oYDvu3HBQwqIojcQpYVddtli1KaFplJBt0kfZC= W91dhRK1ISlvafQDxX-iBbp5QLT59yJLHnF2mNJ_HTOCMM$=20



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 24 08:00:30 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 240800
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    300 AM EST Tue Feb 24 2026

    Valid 12Z Tue Feb 24 2026 - 12Z Fri Feb 27 2026

    ...Northern and Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Positively tilted trough off the WA/OR coast spins off a cutoff low
    halfway to Hawaii tonight. South of the trough axis is an
    atmospheric river flowing into northern CA and OR. Snow levels over
    the OR Cascades exceed 7000ft, which is not really impactful.
    However, this ample moisture overspreads central ID/western MY
    where snow levels are 5000-6000ft and over western WY where snow
    levels rise from 6000 to 7000ft which is impactful. Day 1 snow
    probs for >8" across this terrain is over 50% and is 50-80% for
    24" over the Tetons and Wind Rivers.

    The snow focus shifts south down the Rockies into northern CO
    Wednesday, but it's transient in a powerful westerly jet and
    ridging off the coast (but east of the cutoff low) redirects
    Pacific moisture to keep it offshore, cutting drastically on the
    precip rates (which is unfortunate for CO and their snow drought).
    Day 2 snow probs for >8" are 30-50% for the Wind Rivers/Tetons, and
    40-70% in the Park Range, western slopes of the Front Range, and
    down through ranges in central CO. Precip cuts off entirely over CO
    Wednesday night.


    ...Washington Cascades...
    Days 2/3...

    Ridging offshore from the low halfway to Hawaii allows the next
    wave to shift south into the Gulf of Alaska Wednesday night. Broad
    cyclonic flow brings north Pacific moisture into WA Wednesday night
    through THursday night. Snow levels around 2500ft allow moderate
    snowfall at pass level. Day 2/2 snow probs for >6" are both 30-60%
    in the northern WA Cascades.



    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1/2...

    An Alberta Clipper will shift ESE from northern MN through the U.P.
    of MI today, the L.P. tonight, before crossing the Northeast
    Wednesday. Warm air advection ahead of the surface low will be
    into an Arctic airmass with plenty of DGZ available for snow
    crystal growth. Moderate to heavy snow rates of 1-2"/hr from Lake
    Michigan enhancement can be expected in the east-central U.P.
    where Day 1 snow probs for >6" are 50-70%. Brief LES trails the
    clipper tonight off Lake Superior, then spreading across the Great
    Lakes Wednesday. Day 1.5 snow probs for >6" are 30-50% in the
    Keweenaw Peninsula and eastern U.P. north shore, around 80% in the
    Tug Hill, and 30-60% off Lake Erie across the hills in southwest
    NY state. Elsewhere in the Northeast, expect 1-2" of synoptic snow.


    ...Northern Plains through Midwest and Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2/3...

    The next clipper crosses the northern Plains Wednesday, pushing
    across the Midwest Wednesday night, and the northern Mid-Atlantic.
    The GFS still remains the farthest north/strongest physical
    deterministic guidance with this clipper, though the 00Z EC-AIFS is
    in somewhat agreement with the GFS Day 3 over the central
    Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic. Overall the trend has been south and
    less wintry. As of now the only snow probs >4" with this clipper
    are over the Northeast where 00Z guidance is generally less keen on
    having any precip.

    Only light icing potential is present with either of the two
    clippers.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 24 19:35:38 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 241935
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    235 PM EST Tue Feb 24 2026

    Valid 00Z Wed Feb 25 2026 - 00Z Sat Feb 28 2026

    ...Great Lakes to New England...
    Days 1-3...

    A clipper-type low pressure will move across Ontario, Canada
    tonight before lifting across Quebec on Wednesday night. Downstream
    and to the south of this low pressure, a secondary low pressure
    wave may develop along a triple point moving into Northern Maine,
    however, the greatest ascent will be associated with the frontal
    structure due to WAA along a warm front east of the triple point,
    followed by convergence along the following cold front into the
    moistening airmass. Overall, ascent appears modest and of short
    duration due to the transient nature of this system. However, a
    surge in IVT reaching 500 kg/m/s thanks to SWly 850-500mb flow will
    bring PWs to around normal values, supplying moisture to be wrung
    out as snowfall across the region. In general, this snow will be
    light, with some moderate rates possible across coastal Maine. WPC probabilities D2 are low (10-30%) for at least 4 inches in this
    area, as well as the higher terrain of New England and Upstate NY.

    Additionally, some post-frontal lake effect snow (LES) will
    develop downstream of the Great Lakes thanks to increased CAA.
    While most of this should be generally light, some heavier banding
    is possible east of Lake Ontario where lapse rates and ascent are
    more robust. Here, WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow
    reach 50-70%, with locally more than 8 inches possible across the
    Tug Hill Plateau.

    After a brief break in activity D2 /Wednesday night into Thursday/,
    another wave of low pressure is expected to develop across the
    Mid-Atlantic and then shift rapidly northeast into Friday. There
    remains some latitudinal spread in the track of this feature, with
    a subtle southward trend noted in recent guidance. This event is
    expected to be fast moving and weak, but a few inches of snowfall,
    reflected by WPC probabilities for 2+ inches reaching 10-30% across
    southern New England, are possible. While this in itself is not
    likely to be impactful, the addition of this light snow across
    areas still digging out from the historic blizzard this weekend,
    could prolong or amplify regional impacts.


    ...Northern and Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    A strung-out vorticity lobe associated with a modest shortwave will
    briefly buckle the mid-level flow across the West through Thursday
    morning. The combination of these weak height falls with the LFQ of
    an accompanying upper jet streak will drive synoptic lift, which
    will be enhanced along the stationary front draped NE to SW across
    the region. This will transition into a cold front as the shortwave
    digs east, moving away and then out of the region during Wednesday.

    The cumulative ascent accompanying this evolution will act upon a
    moistening column as IVT surges too 400-500 kg/m/s, which with a
    pronounced zonal component will allow IVT to spillover well into
    the Rockies, leading to IVT above the 99th percentile, and even the
    highest within the CFSR database for portions of the Rockies. Where
    the most significant lift overlaps this moisture, the result will
    be heavy snow, especially above 6000 ft which will result in
    impactful accumulations across ID/WY/UT/CO. WPC probabilities are
    high (>70%) for at least 7 inches in parts of the Sawtooth/Salmon
    River ranges, The Tetons and Wind Rivers, the Uintas, and much of
    the CO Rockies. Locally more than 12 inches is possible (30%
    chance) in the Wind Rivers, Tetons, and Park Range of CO.


    ...Cascades into Northern Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    Generally west to northwest mid-level flow will funnel modest
    moisture onshore late this week as IVT pushes to around the 90th
    climatological percentile from British Columbia east-southeast
    towards Montana. Modest ascent, mostly driven by jet-level
    dynamics, will act upon this moisture to produce moderate
    precipitation across the Cascades where upslope enhancement will
    also occur. This is reflected by WPC probabilities for 6+ inches
    that reach 30-50% in the northern WA Cascades.

    Farther east into D3, a cold front digging out of Canada will arc
    across the Northern Rockies while upper level support persists.
    This may result in a stripe of heavier snowfall from the Northern
    Rockies along the international border into the High Plains, but
    confidence in exact placement remains uncertain. Current WPC
    probabilities are 50-70% for 6+ inches in the higher Northern
    Rockies, with a stripe of 10% probabilities for 4+ inches extending
    eastwards into the High Plains of MT.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 25 07:34:13 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 250733
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    233 AM EST Wed Feb 25 2026

    Valid 12Z Wed Feb 25 2026 - 12Z Sat Feb 28 2026

    ...Great Lakes to New England...
    Day 1...

    A clipper low shifts from Ontario to Quebec today before weakening
    tonight. Post-frontal lake effect snow (LES) will continue in WNWly
    flow from Lake Superior into this evening while banding off Lake
    Ontario into the Tug Hill develops this afternoon and persists
    through tonight. Day 1 WPC snow probabilities for >4" are 40-60% in
    the north shore of the eastern U.P. and in the Tug Hill.

    Warm air advection ahead of the low will continue to provide
    moisture for the cold front to lift and bring light to moderate
    snow to higher elevations. Day 1 PWPF for >4" are 30-60% in the
    Greens, Whites, and along the central Maine coast.

    The next clipper on Thursday continues a south trend, with
    consensuskeeping snow away from areas impacted by this past
    weekend blizzard.


    ...North-Central Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Last portion of an atmospheric river shifts inland across the Great
    Basin and over the WY/northern CO Rockies today before tapering off
    tonight as ridging off the West Coast cuts off the Pacific
    moisture influx. The declining moisture feed allows mainly moderate
    precip rates with snow levels around 7000ft in WY and around
    9000ft in northern CO that drops to around 7000ft by this evening
    before precip tapers off. Day 1 PWPF for >6" are 40-80% in this
    terrain.


    ...Cascades across the Northern Rockies onto the Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    Ridging off the West Coast today draws troughing from a low over
    the Gulf of Alaska south into northwest WA today through Friday
    morning where snow levels linger around 2000ft. Surface high
    pressure shifts into northern Alberta late Friday and directs
    frontal convergence and banded snow over eastern MT and the
    Dakotas Friday night. Days 1-2 PWPF for >6" are 50-80% both days
    over the north WA Cascades. Then the Day 3 PWPF for >6" is 50-80%
    in Glacier NP terrain and for >4" is 20-40% over eastern MT, though
    there is potential on 4" in the banding extending through the
    Dakotas, just not confidence on the placement of the band -
    somewhere near the ND/SD border is a reasonable consensus now.

    Little to no ice accumulation is forecast Days 1-3.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 25 19:23:08 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 251922
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    222 PM EST Wed Feb 25 2026

    Valid 00Z Thu Feb 26 2026 - 00Z Sun Mar 01 2026

    ...Northeast and Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 1...

    A clipper type low will track from Ontario to Quebec tonight
    before weakening. This will trail a potent cold front in its wake,
    and guidance has increased the potential for some convective snow
    showers and snow squalls along this front as it crosses from
    Upstate NY into New England by 12Z Thursday. Although snowfall
    accumulations along this front are likely to be minimal, briefly
    heavy snow rates and gusty winds within any snow squalls could
    create dangerous travel due extremely restricted visibility and
    snow covered roads.

    Along this front, a secondary wave of low pressure is expected to
    develop across the Tennessee Valley, with warm air advection
    isentropically ascending the front to produce precipitation from
    the Ohio Valley into the Mid-Atlantic states, and maybe clipping
    far southern New England. While the guidance has trended farther
    south, there is still a threat for at least a period of light snow
    across this area Thursday, but snowfall accumulations are expected
    to be minimal as reflected by WPC probabilities for 1" less than
    10% except in the higher terrain of West Virginia.


    ...Cascades across the Northern Rockies onto the Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    A series of waves emanating from an increasingly sheared mid-level
    low over the Gulf of Alaska will quickly flatten ridging over the
    West Coast and direct fast northwesterly flow across the Pacific
    Northwest, northern Rockies and the northern Plains through the end
    of the week into the start of the weekend. While moisture
    anomalies are modest at best, the fast flow interacting with
    terrain and snow levels around 2000ft will support snow from the
    northern WA Cascades to the high country of northwestern MT. WPC
    probabilities for >6" remain high (>70%) through early Day 3 before
    diminishing late.

    A surface low and its attendant cold front will develop in the lee
    of the Canadian Rockies before scooting south and eastward across
    southern Canada through the period. In its wake, a strong surface
    high will descend southward to along the U.S./Canada border and
    enhance the frontal zone as it stalls across the northern Plains. A
    strong gradient between higher mid/upper heights to the south and
    lower heights to the north will support a strong 150 kt 250 mb jet
    streak draped across northeast MT and the Dakotas. Strong forcing
    for ascent underneath the right entrance region of this jet coupled
    with intense frontogenesis will likely lead to banded snowfall.
    WPC probabilities for snowfall >2" are moderate (40-70%) for
    portions of northeast MT, with low probabilities (10-40%) for >4".
    Farther east, probabilities for >2" are low (20-40%) for parts of
    southwest ND and northwest SD, with probabilities of >4" at less
    than 10%.


    Little to no ice accumulation is forecast Days 1-3.


    Weiss/Miller





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 26 08:01:41 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 260801
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    301 AM EST Thu Feb 26 2026

    Valid 12Z Thu Feb 26 2026 - 12Z Sun Mar 01 2026


    ...Cascades & Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Strong westerly upper flow across the Northwest overtop a stout
    western U.S. ridge allows for persistent moisture flux into
    favorable western upslope terrain of the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies until flow turns more northwesterly and drier by Saturday.
    Snow levels are forecast to remain around 2000-3000ft across the
    region before dropping below 2000ft across northwest MT on Saturday
    as a strong cold front dives southward and increases precipitation
    on Day 2. WPC probabilities for at least 8" of snow are 70-90%
    above about 4000ft in the northern WA Cascades and the Lewis
    Range/Glacier National Park region of northwest MT.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    A surface low and its attendant cold front will develop in the lee
    of the Canadian Rockies before scooting south and eastward across
    southern Canada through the period. In its wake, a strong surface
    high (nearing 1040 mb) will descend southward to along the
    U.S./Canada border and enhance the frontal zone as it stalls across
    the northern Plains. A strong gradient between higher mid/upper
    heights to the south and lower heights to the north will support a
    strong 150 kt 250 mb jet streak draped across northeast MT and the
    Dakotas. Strong forcing for ascent underneath the right entrance
    region of this jet coupled with intense 850-700mb frontogenesis,
    per model cross-sections, will likely lead to WNW-ESE oriented
    banded snowfall between Saturday morning in the northern High
    Plains and potentially lingering Saturday evening into parts of
    southern WI/northern IL. Additionally, a wide DGZ (SREF
    probabilities >30% for at least 100 mb) will likely lead to above
    climatology SLRs wherever forcing can squeeze out the limited
    moisture available in the atmosphere. These potential snowbands
    will likely be fairly narrow and therefore, not properly identified
    or washed out within ensemble probabilistic guidance given the
    large spread in the location of these bands. Still, WPC
    probabilities for >4" are low (10-40%) for parts of
    northern/eastern MT, southern ND and northern SD. Probabilities for
    2" are much higher and have increased to 50-70% across southern
    ND, northeast SD and southeast MN.



    The probability of significant ice accumulation is less


    Snell


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 26 18:17:15 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 261817
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    117 PM EST Thu Feb 26 2026

    Valid 00Z Fri Feb 27 2026 - 00Z Mon Mar 02 2026


    ...Cascades & Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Strong westerly mid and upper level flow across the Northwest
    will direct modest moisture into the upslope terrain of the WA
    Cascades and northern Rockies through Friday before flow turns
    more northwesterly and drier by late in the day on Saturday. Snow
    levels are forecast to remain around 2000-3000ft across the region
    before dropping below 2000ft across northwest MT on Saturday as a
    strong cold front dives southward and increases precipitation late
    Day 1 and early on Day 2. WPC 48-hr probabilities for at least 8"
    of snow remain high (70-90%+) above about 4000ft in the northern
    WA Cascades and the Lewis Range/Glacier National Park region of
    northwest MT.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 2...

    A cold front will dive out of Canada and sink rapidly southward
    Friday, reaching the Central Plains by Friday night. As this front
    continues south, a modest 700mb trough will dive E/SE along the
    front, pushing modest WAA atop the boundary and into the Northern
    Plains beginning Friday evening in the High Plains of Montana and
    then continuing E/SE through the Upper Midwest by Saturday evening.
    This will result in modest 295K isentropic ascent into near-
    normal PWs to support expanding precipitation. This precipitation
    will likely manifest as a narrow channel with moderate to heavy
    snow rates as a dynamic jet structure arcs overhead enhancing the
    700-600mb fgen to provide lift directly into the deepening DGZ.
    This should create a narrow band of snow translating along its long
    axis, leading to a long duration of moderate snowfall rates from
    eastern MT through southern WI before weakening as it ejects
    eastward Saturday night. WPC probabilities are moderate (50-70%
    chance) for at least 2 inches of snow, with locally higher amounts
    above 4 inches possible (10-30%), highest across the Dakotas.


    ...Central Plains into the Mid-Mississippi Valley...
    Day 3...

    Broad ridging over the West is progged to become suppressed
    somewhat on Sunday as a shortwave emerges from the Pacific and
    races quickly over the top of this ridge. As this shortwave moves
    into the Central Plains Sunday morning, it will move atop the low-
    level baroclinic zone accompanying a surface cold front to produce
    a wave of low pressure and accompanying increased ascent. Most of
    this lift will be produced via isentropic upglide, especially along
    the 290-295K surfaces, with the driving WAA pushing a warm nose
    northward atop the cold dome to the north. While there is still
    quite a bit of uncertainty into both northward latitudinal advance
    of precipitation, as well as timing of the heaviest rates, there is
    increasing confidence in a swath of mixed snow/sleet/freezing rain
    spreading into the Central Plains late Sunday. Although
    adjustments in the forecast are likely, current WPC probabilities
    indicate a 10-30% chance for at least 2 inches of snow from
    eastern KS/NE through southern IA and northern MO, with freezing
    rain exceeding 0.01 inches possible (10-30%) chance just to the
    south of the heaviest snowfall.


    Weiss/Miller




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 27 08:17:15 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 270817
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    317 AM EST Fri Feb 27 2026

    Valid 12Z Fri Feb 27 2026 - 12Z Mon Mar 02 2026


    ...Northwest Montana...
    Day 1...

    Continued strong westerly mid and upper level flow across the
    Northwest will direct modest moisture into the upslope terrain of
    the WA Cascades and northern Rockies today before flow turns more
    northwesterly and drier by Saturday. Snow levels are forecast to
    remain around 2000-3000ft across the region before dropping below
    2000ft across northwest MT on Saturday as a strong cold front dives
    southward and increases precipitation late tonight, while
    precipitation coverage drops throughout today across the far
    northern WA Cascades. WPC probabilities for at least 8" of snow
    remain moderate (50-70%) above about 4000ft in the Lewis
    Range/Glacier National Park region of northwest MT.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    A cold front will dive out of Canada and sink rapidly southward
    Friday, reaching the Central Plains by tonight. As this front
    continues south, a modest 700mb trough will dive E/SE along the
    front, pushing modest WAA atop the boundary and into the Northern
    Plains beginning Friday evening in the High Plains of Montana and
    then continuing E/SE through the Upper Midwest by Saturday evening.
    This will result in modest 295K isentropic ascent into near-
    normal PWs to support expanding precipitation. This precipitation
    will likely manifest as a narrow channel with moderate to heavy
    snow rates as a dynamic jet structure arcs overhead enhancing the
    700-600mb fgen to provide lift directly into the deepening DGZ.
    This should create a narrow band of snow translating along its long
    axis, leading to a long duration of moderate snowfall rates from
    eastern MT through southern WI before weakening as it ejects
    eastward Saturday night.

    There remains some latitudinal spread in guidance regarding the
    location of this band, but CAMs and recent global guidance
    highlight a maximum localized corridor of 4-8" is possible. This
    WAA fgen scenario usually tends to favor more northern solutions,
    but that is highly dependent on the tightening thermal gradient
    and overall amplitude should the higher-end scenario occur. Recent
    short-term HRRR trends are for a more amplified western U.S. ridge,
    which is why the 06z HRRR (and even 06z NAM) trended north and
    heavier with its snowfall axis. Given the spread and very narrow
    snow band, ensemble probabilistic guidance remains quite low, but
    the strong fgen collocated with SLRs around 20:1 support a high-
    end snowband potential. WPC probabilities are moderate (50-70%
    chance) for at least 2 inches of snow from southwest ND to southern
    WI, with locally higher amounts above 4 inches possible (10-30%),
    highest across the Dakotas and southern Minnesota. Should guidance
    come into better agreement regarding placement of this snowband,
    expect these probabilities to increase.


    ...Central Plains into the Midwest...
    Day 3...

    Broad ridging over the West is progged to become suppressed
    somewhat on Sunday as a shortwave emerges from the Pacific and
    races quickly over the top of this ridge. As this shortwave moves
    into the Central Plains Sunday morning, it will move atop the low-
    level baroclinic zone accompanying a surface cold front to produce
    a wave of low pressure and accompanying increased ascent. Most of
    this lift will be produced via isentropic upglide, especially along
    the 290-295K surfaces, with the driving WAA pushing a warm nose
    northward atop the cold dome to the north. While there is still
    quite a bit of uncertainty into both northward latitudinal advance
    of precipitation, as well as timing of the heaviest rates, there is
    increasing confidence in a swath of mixed snow/sleet/freezing rain
    spreading from the Central Plains into the Midwest late Sunday
    into early Monday. Although adjustments in the forecast are likely,
    current WPC probabilities indicate a 20-40% chance for at least 2
    inches of snow from southern IA and northern MO to central/northern
    IL, with light freezing rain possible just to the south of the
    heaviest snowfall. Current freezing rain probabilities for
    exceeding 0.1" are low (<10%) across northeast KS.


    Snell



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 27 19:03:03 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 271902
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    202 PM EST Fri Feb 27 2026

    Valid 00Z Sat Feb 28 2026 - 00Z Tue Mar 03 2026


    ...Northern High Plains, Great Lakes, & Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Guidance continues to indicate a long, narrow, corridor of
    moderate to heavy snow will develop this evening over eastern
    Montana and then track rapidly E/SE into the Great Lakes by Sunday
    morning.

    This swath of snowfall is expected to develop north of a cold front
    which will be steadily digging southward into the Central and
    Southern Plains on Saturday. As this front pushes south, a modest
    mid-level trough will dive along the boundary, leading to
    downstream WAA and accompanying 295K isentropic ascent to support
    expanding precipitation. At the same time, impressive 850-600mb
    fgen will develop and elongate NW to SE in response to this WAA
    atop the front combined with the favorable positioning of the upper
    jet streak to drive intense lift across the area. While there is
    still uncertainty into where exactly this band of precipitation
    will set up (still considerable latitudinal variability in the axis
    from the various models) the result is likely to be a corridor of
    heavy snow rates which could exceed 1"/hr (20-40% chance).

    Since the snowfall should translate along the long axis of this
    band, it will enhance the duration of snowfall, leading to the
    potential for significant accumulations. Despite the latitudinal
    uncertainty in this band placement, the high-res is actually in
    pretty good agreement in amounts, with a general 2-4 inches likely,
    with local amounts above 6" possible as reflected by WSE plumes.
    While the fgen is impressive and the DGZ is deep, there is some
    concern they won't overlap perfectly to create locally much higher
    snowfall. However, this deep DGZ and a cold column should produce
    high SLRs and fluffy snow that will quickly accumulate,
    additionally suggesting the potential for locally higher totals. In
    general WPC probabilities are moderate (30-50%) for 4+ inches from
    western ND through the Coteau des Prairies and Buffalo Ridge of
    SD/MN D1, with a low risk for more than 6 inches in isolated
    locations. Farther east D2 and then D3, the band of snowfall should
    weaken (WPC probabilities for 4+ inches fall to just around 10% D2
    across the Great Lakes) before expanding a bit with some enhanced
    WAA ahead of the front across the Northeast D3.


    ...Central Plains into the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    Broad ridging across the Southwest will get suppressed as a
    shortwave tracks out of the Pacific, crests the ridge Sunday
    morning, and then continues E/SE into the Central Plains Sunday
    afternoon. This shortwave will be paired with an upper jet pushing
    eastward, and both of these features will continue to track east
    into the Mid-Atlantic states on Monday. As this evolution develops
    aloft, a surface cold front will drop steadily southeast from the
    Central Plains into the Southeast by Monday. The overlap of this
    front with the upper evolution will result in a weak wave of low
    pressure moving along the boundary.

    Downstream of this wave of low pressure, warm and moist advection
    will begin to increase, leading to expanding and intensifying
    isentropic upglide, especially along the 290K and 295K surfaces.
    The downstream low-level flow reaching 20-30 kts at 850mb will help
    surge modest IVT (approaching 400 kg/m/s) to drive PWs above the
    90th climatological percentile in some areas, leading to a region
    of heavy precipitation. The accompanying WAA will likely push a
    warm nose northward to transition precipitation from snow, to mix,
    to rain from the Central Plains into the Mid-Mississippi Valley
    Sunday into Monday. This precipitation will then extend into the
    Mid- Atlantic Monday as a wedge of high pressure extends down the
    coast, leading to at least some light mixed precipitation across
    the Mid- Atlantic states, although dry air within the wedge could
    erode a lot of the moisture before it arrives.

    WPC probabilities for snowfall peak around 10-30% for 2+ inches of
    snowfall across parts of MO/IA/IL D3, but the threat has diminished
    somewhat with new updates. However, the accompanying freezing rain probabilities have increased, and are now more than 50% for at
    least 0.01 inches of ice D2 in the Mid-Mississippi Valley and
    Central Plains, and increase/expand across the Central Appalachians
    D3 reaching as high as 30-50% for 0.1 inches in parts of PA/WV.


    Weiss






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 28 07:26:03 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 280725
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    225 AM EST Sat Feb 28 2026

    Valid 12Z Sat Feb 28 2026 - 12Z Tue Mar 03 2026


    ...Northern High Plains, Great Lakes, & Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A narrow but intense corridor of moderate to heavy snow will track
    rapidly east-southeast from the Dakotas to the western Great Lakes
    today. The heaviest snow late this morning will center from
    southeastern North Dakota-northeastern South Dakota into southern
    Minnesota, where strong low-mid-level frontogenesis and favorable
    upper jet forcing will likely support a brief period of rates
    exceeding 1"/hr. While this will be a fast-moving system, the
    thermal profile remains cold throughout the column, supporting high snow-to-liquid ratios and a fluffy snow that will accumulate
    quickly. WPC probabilities indicate that additional accumulations
    (after 12Z) of 2-4" are likely from southeastern North Dakota-
    northeastern South Dakota through southern Minnesota into southern
    Wisconsin today. Embedded within this axis is an area of 30 percent probabilities for amounts over 4" centered over southern
    Minnesota.

    As the system moves across the Great Lakes on Sunday, forcing is
    expected to weaken and the band is forecast to become disorganized,
    with a diminishing threat for heavy accumulations downstream.


    ...Central Plains into the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    The synoptic setup will be driven by a southern stream shortwave
    trough ejecting from the Pacific, suppressing a downstream ridge
    centered over the Southwest on Saturday before tracking into the
    Central Plains on Sunday. This upper-feature will be guided by
    northern stream jet streak, steering the energy toward the Mid-
    Atlantic while simultaneously pushing a surface cold front south
    into the Southern Plains and the Southeast. Amplifying low level
    winds will tap Gulf moisture, supporting deepening moisture and a
    broadening precipitation shield developing well north of the
    boundary. A northward-surging warm nose will favor a transition to
    a wintry mix along the northern edge of the precipitation shield
    from eastern Nebraska-Kansas through the mid Mississippi into the
    Ohio valleys Sunday into early Monday, while a persistent surface
    high-pressure wedge will support a similar mix of precipitation
    types over the central Appalachians into the Mid-Atlantic Monday
    into early Tuesday.

    For most of these areas, WPC probabilities for measurable ice
    (0.01") max out in the 30-50 percent range. A notable exception
    are the central Appalachians, where probabilities reach 70 percent
    along the West Virginia Allegheny Mountains by early Tuesday, with
    some 30 percent probabilities for accumulations over 0.10" there
    as well. Probabilities suggest that snow accumulations will remain
    an inch or less for most impacted areas. The latest run only shows parts
    of northern Missouri and isolated parts of the West Virginia
    mountains with probabilities greater than 50 percent for amounts
    over an inch.

    Pereira


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 28 18:27:30 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 281827
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    127 PM EST Sat Feb 28 2026

    Valid 00Z Sun Mar 01 2026 - 00Z Wed Mar 04 2026


    ...Great Lakes, & Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    The narrow but intense band of heavy snow across the Northern
    Plains/Upper Midwest today will steadily weaken tonight as the
    primary forcing moves eastward. This should result in an expansion
    of the snow swath (more diffuse forcing leads to a broader
    footprint with weaker intensity), but the driving shortwave aloft
    interacting with the cold front will likely lead to weak surface
    wave development tonight. This wave of low pressure moving across
    the Ohio Valley and then into the Mid-Atlantic will lead to some
    enhanced downstream warm advection to offset the loss of dynamics
    from the west. This will allow snow to continue, and potentially
    even expand its footprint from the Ohio Valley into New England.
    Total snowfall is still expected to be modest thanks to the
    transient nature of this event and the overall modest accompanying
    ascent, but WPC probabilities indicate a low to moderate risk
    (10-50% chance) of at least 2 inches of snow, highest across the
    Adirondacks, Berkshires, and Green Mountains.


    ...Central Plains to the Tennessee Valley...
    Days 2-3...

    The overlap of a cold front sinking through the Central Plains and
    into the Southeast with a modest shortwave emerging from the
    Southwest will lead to expanding precipitation from the Central
    Plains into the Mid-Atlantic states late Sunday through Monday.
    This precipitation will generally be fueled by increasing southerly
    flow out of the Gulf, with the associated WAA isentropically
    ascending to drive precipitation while also pushing a warm nose
    above 0C northward. This will result in an axis of snow, sleet,
    freezing rain, and rain, with snow changing to mixed precip on the
    north side of the precipitation shield as the warm nose progresses.

    In general, the guidance has trended weaker with this event, but
    any mixed precipitation can still cause travel issues. The highest
    snow probabilities from WPC now only reach around 10% for 2+ inches
    across MO. However, icing could be more substantial as reflected
    by WPC probabilities that are widespread 50% for at least 0.01"
    from KS through KY, with locally more than 0.1" possible (10-30%)
    from southern IL into IN and KY.


    ...Mid-Atlantic to Northeast...
    Day 3...

    An amplifying mid-level trough ejecting out of the Great Basin will
    track steadily eastward Monday night through Tuesday /D3/, reaching
    the Central Plains by the end of the forecast period. A surface low
    developing beneath this trough will track along a wavering warm front/stationary front draped eastward through the Mid-Atlantic. As
    this low moves east in conjunction with its parent trough,
    downstream height rises will occur through intensifying WAA, with
    the resulting overrunning/upglide leading to an expansion of
    precipitation from the Mid-Atlantic/Central Appalachians into the
    Northeast/New England, especially as PWs surge to above the 90th
    climatological percentile according to NAEFS. With Canadian high
    pressure quickly retreating to the E/NE ahead of this system, the
    warm nose accompanying the WAA will be unobstructed, and this will
    likely result in a rapid transition from snow at precip onset, to a
    mix of sleet/freezing rain, and eventually rain, even as far north
    as southern New England. Before that transition, some impactful
    winter weather is likely through briefly heavy snow (although
    accumulations should be modest) and the icy sleet/freezing rain
    combination which may lead to some modest ice accumulations in
    higher elevations. WPC probabilities for snow indicate a moderate
    risk (50-70%) of at least 2 inches of snow across the higher
    elevations of Upstate NY, with lower probabilities extending into
    central New England. For ice, there is a moderate risk (30-70%
    chance) of at least 0.1" from the Central Appalachians into the
    Laurel Highlands of PA, with locally as much as 0.25" possible.


    ...Central Rockies...
    Day 3...

    A potent shortwave ejecting out of the Pacific will translate
    eastward into the Great Basin and then Four Corners states by
    Tuesday morning. This feature will deepen into a closed low over
    the Four Corners, helping to initiate cyclogenesis in the lee of
    the Rockies as ascent becomes maximized in the LFQ of a subtropical
    jet streak arcing towards the Central Plains. As this low
    strengthens, increased moisture funneling northward from the Gulf
    will track NW into CO/WY/UT as the accompanying theta-e ridge
    rotates cyclonically around the low. This will create significant
    snowfall accumulations, generally above 7000 ft, across the Uintas,
    Tetons, Wind Rivers, and CO ROckies including the Park Range and
    northern Front Range. In these areas, WPC probabilities of more
    than 4 inches of snow reach 70-90%, with locally up to 10 inches
    possible in isolated locations.


    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 1 06:56:26 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 010656
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    156 AM EST Sun Mar 1 2026

    Valid 12Z Sun Mar 01 2026 - 12Z Wed Mar 04 2026


    ...Central Plains to the Tennessee Valley...
    Days 1-2...

    Migrating shortwave ejecting out of the Rockies through the Central
    Plains to Ohio Valley will lead to a period of mixed precipitation
    from KS/NE, east into the Ohio Valley. Initial wave of precip will
    form across the Central Plains with a degradation of the lower
    boundary layer over time as a marginal warm-nose protrudes the
    layer between 925-700mb leading to a band of snow on the northern
    periphery of the SLP center with more of a light sleet/freezing
    rain signature along and north of I-70 from Northeast KS through
    MO. Freezing rain accretion of 0.01-0.05" will be most common
    across this area with WPC probs of >0.01" running between 30-60%
    over the aforementioned corridor, but well below 10% for >0.1"
    meaning limited chances for more considerable impacts.

    Further east into the Ohio Valley, western edge of the strong
    surface ridge pressing Arctic air into the region will lead to a
    touch better isentropic ascent pattern as the slowly maturing SLP
    migrating east will allow for a better 850mb jet nosing up into
    the very cold boundary layer present across the OHV with the
    southern fringes of freezing to sub-freezing air located along the
    KY/TN border. Fairly high probs (40-70%) for at least 0.01" are
    located across the northern half of KY with the best chance for
    ~0.05-0.1" located north of I-64. Snowfall of 1-2" are relatively
    low across portions of OH/IN with probs for >1" only between 10-30%
    over the central and southern portions of each state.

    ...Mid-Atlantic to Northeast...
    Day 2-3...

    There has been very little deviation in the forecasted pattern
    expected with the next disturbance to impact the Mid-Atlantic and
    Northeastern CONUS. An amplifying mid- level trough ejecting out
    of the Great Basin will track steadily eastward Monday night
    through Tuesday, leading to a surface low formation that will
    track along a wavering warm front/stationary front draped eastward
    through the Mid-Atlantic. As this low moves east in conjunction
    with its parent trough, downstream height rises will occur through
    intensifying WAA, with the resulting overrunning/upglide leading to
    an expansion of precipitation from the Mid-Atlantic/Central
    Appalachians into the Northeast/New England, especially as PWs
    surge to above the 90th climatological percentile according to
    NAEFS. With Canadian high pressure quickly retreating to the E/NE
    ahead of this system, the warm nose accompanying the WAA will be
    unobstructed, and this will likely result in a rapid transition
    from snow at precip onset, to a mix of sleet/freezing rain, and
    eventually rain, even as far north as southern New England. Before
    that transition, some impactful winter weather is likely through
    briefly heavy snow (although accumulations should be modest) and
    the icy sleet/freezing rain combination which will lead to some
    satisfactory ice accumulations in the higher elevations of the
    Central Appalachians and neighboring valleys where CAD signatures
    remain prevalent through Tuesday morning. WPC probabilities for
    snow indicate a low-end risk (20-50%) of at least 2 inches of snow
    across the higher elevations of the Adirondak's, Green and White
    Mountains of VT/NH. For ice, there is a moderate risk (40-80%
    chance) of at least 0.1" from the Central Appalachians into the
    Laurel Highlands of PA, with locally as much as 0.25" possible.


    ...Central Rockies to Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A potent shortwave ejecting out of the Pacific will translate
    eastward into the Great Basin and then Four Corners states by
    Tuesday morning. This shortwave trough is forecast to close off
    across the Inter-Mountain west between UT/CO, helping to initiate
    cyclogenesis in the lee of the Rockies as ascent becomes maximized
    in the LFQ of a subtropical jet streak arcing towards the Central
    Plains. As this low strengthens, increased moisture funneling
    northward from the Gulf will track NW into CO/WY/UT as the
    accompanying theta-e ridge rotates cyclonically around the low.
    This will create significant snowfall accumulations, generally
    above 7000 ft, across the Uintas, Tetons, Wind Rivers, and CO
    Rockies, including the Park Range and northern Front Range. In
    these areas, WPC probabilities of more than 4 inches of snow reach
    50-80%, with locally up to 10 inches possible in isolated
    locations.

    By D3, a second potent trough will enter the Pacific coast with
    a solid mid-level moisture advection pattern into the Pacific
    Northwest. This will allow for snowfall to occur across the
    Northern Cascades with snow levels generally primed between
    4000-4500ft AGL leading to mainly heavier snowfall totals above the
    passes with the maxima focused >6500ft elevation. This will lead to
    WPC probs of more than 60% for >4" focused within the higher
    elevations of the Northern Cascades and Olympics.

    Weiss/Kleebauer


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 1 18:37:42 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 011837
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    137 PM EST Sun Mar 1 2026

    Valid 00Z Mon Mar 02 2026 - 00Z Thu Mar 05 2026

    ...Central Plains to Tennessee Valley...
    Day 1...

    Weak shortwave traversing through generally zonal flow from the
    Central Plains to the Southern Appalachians will create a period of
    modest ascent across the region. Subtle height falls along the
    low-level baroclinic gradient associated with a stalled cold front
    will help develop a wave of low pressure, and as this low pressure
    tracks eastward along the front it will enhance a swath of
    precipitation around it. Despite the weak nature of this surface
    low, downstream warm and moist advection will intensify on 850mb
    winds surging out of the Gulf, transporting moisture and a warm
    nose northward, with increasing isentropic upglide leading to an
    expansion of precipitation. The column is marginally supportive of
    winter p-types, so while some areas will begin as snow, especially
    from northern MO through southern OH, the advance of the warm nose
    will result in mostly rain or freezing rain as the system
    translates eastward through Monday afternoon. Total snowfall is
    expected to be minimal at less than 2". However, WPC probabilities
    indicate a 50-70% chance of at least 0.01" of ice, with some
    locally higher totals approaching 0.1" for NW MO and north-central
    KY/southern IN as reflected by significant spread in the WSE plumes
    across these areas.


    ...Mid-Atlantic to Northeast...
    Day 2-3...

    An amplifying mid-level trough ejecting out of the Great Basin
    will track steadily eastward Monday night through Tuesday, leading
    to a surface low formation that will track along a wavering warm front/stationary front draped eastward through the Mid-Atlantic. As
    this low moves east in conjunction with its parent trough,
    downstream height rises will occur through intensifying WAA, with
    the resulting overrunning/upglide leading to an expansion of
    precipitation from the Mid-Atlantic/Central Appalachians into the
    Northeast/New England, especially as PWs surge to above the 90th
    climatological percentile according to NAEFS. With Canadian high
    pressure quickly retreating to the E/NE ahead of this system, the
    warm nose accompanying the WAA will be able to surge quickly
    northeast, and this will likely result in a rapid transition from
    snow at precip onset, to a mix of sleet/freezing rain, and
    eventually rain, even as far north as southern New England. Before
    that transition, some impactful winter weather is likely through
    briefly heavy snow (although accumulations should be modest) and
    the icy sleet/freezing rain combination which will lead to some
    impactful ice accumulations in the higher elevations of the
    Central Appalachians and neighboring valleys where CAD signatures
    remain prevalent through Tuesday morning.

    WPC probabilities for snow exceeding 2" each day exceed 30% only in
    a few isolated areas, the higher Central Appalachians D1, the
    Greens and Berkshires on D2, and coastal/Downeast Maine on D3.
    Total snowfall may reach 4" in a few of these areas.

    The icing is expected to be more impactful, especially in the
    Central Appalachians, where the probability for at least 0.1" of
    ice exceeds 50-70% in the higher elevations of the Alleghenies, the
    Blue Ridge of VA, and into the Laurel Highlands of PA. Locally as
    much as 0.25" is possible in isolated locations. More widespread
    icing exceeding 0.01" is expected from far NW NC through southern
    New England, including the I-95 corridor from Washington, D.C.
    through New York City where the Tuesday commutes could be impacted
    by light icing and mixed precipitation.


    ...Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    A potent closed low emerging from the Pacific will cross onshore CA
    late tonight and then continue eastward across the Great Basin and
    into the Central Rockies by Tuesday morning. Although this feature
    is now progged to weaken as it translates eastward, it will still
    maintain sufficient amplitude to drive robust height falls/PVA into
    the Central Rockies, which when combined with a modest (80-90kts)
    jet streak placed favorably into the Central Plains, will result in
    lee cyclogenesis Monday evening. This low will deepen at least
    marginally as it advects E/SE into Tuesday, while downstream moisture
    from the Gulf gets wrapped cyclonically into the system to create
    anomalous PWs as high as the 97th climatological percentile. The
    combination of synoptic ascent with upslope enhancement
    north/northwest of the surface low will create areas of heavy snow,
    especially above 7000 ft in the Uintas, Tetons, Wind Rivers,
    Laramie Range, and across much of the CO Rockies including the Park
    and Front Ranges. In these areas, WPC probabilities are high (>70%)
    for at least 4" D1 in NW WY, expanding to include the terrain of
    UT and CO on D2. Locally as much as 10" of snow is possible in the
    higher terrain.


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 3...

    An amplifying shortwave trough positioned well of the Pacific
    Northwest coast will gradually advect eastward, coming onshore
    Wednesday morning. As this shortwave moves onshore, it will produce
    impressive height falls which will overlap with the RRQ of a
    meridionally strengthening jet streak (downstream of the primary
    trough axis) to drive pronounced deep layer lift into the
    Northwest. At the same time, confluent flow immediately ahead of
    the mid-level trough will gradually back to be more SW, pumping
    elevated IVT onshore to provide the moisture needed for heavy
    precipitation. There remain considerable differences among the
    various models as to the intensity of this IVT, with the ECENS
    suggesting a higher than 80% chance of at least 250 kg/m/s, which
    is close to the West-WRF probabilities, while the GEFS shows almost
    no IVT at all. Hedging towards the more aggressive guidance
    indicates that this should result in periods of heavy snow,
    especially in the Olympics, Cascades, and Northern Rockies, with
    snow levels falling steadily from around 5000 ft to 4000 ft
    beneath the upper trough and a corresponding cold front. WPC
    probabilities D3 are high (>70%) for at least 4" of snow along the
    spine of the Cascades of OR and WA, the highest terrain of the
    Olympics, and parts of OR/ID/MT from the Blue Mountains through the
    Sawtooth Region and into the far Northern Rockies near Glacier NP.


    Weiss


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 2 07:04:05 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 020703
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    203 AM EST Mon Mar 2 2026

    Valid 12Z Mon Mar 02 2026 - 12Z Thu Mar 05 2026

    ...Ohio and Tennessee Valley's...
    Day 1...

    Weak shortwave traversing through generally zonal flow from the
    Central Plains to the Southern Appalachians will create a period of
    modest ascent across the region. Current WV satellite and radar
    composite shows the disturbance situated over the mid-Mississippi
    Valley this evening moving due east with sights generally along the
    central Ohio River Valley. Low-level baroclinicity along a cold
    front stalled across the Lower Tennessee Valley will allow for
    maintenance of surface low pressure in conjunction with the mid-
    level shortwave, tracking eastward along the front allowing for an
    enhancement of precipitation in the confines of the Ohio and
    Tennessee Valley's, respectively. Despite the weak nature of this
    surface low, downstream warm and moist advection will intensify on
    850mb winds surging out of the Gulf, transporting moisture and a
    warm nose northward, with increasing isentropic upglide leading to
    an expansion of precipitation from the Mississippi River to points
    east with the northern periphery of the precip field delegated to
    the expected winter p-types. The column will remain marginally
    supportive of winter weather, however, thanks to the warm nose
    protruding the lower confines of the boundary layer meaning the
    swath of snow or freezing rain will be relatively narrow,
    especially south-central IL through southern OH. Total snowfall is
    expected to be minimal at less than 2". However, WPC probabilities
    indicate a 50-90% chance of at least 0.01" of ice, with some
    locally higher totals approaching 0.1" for southern Ohio around the
    proximity of Cincinnati and points north away from the immediate
    Ohio River basin as noted via lower probs (10-25%) for the 0.1"
    threshold.


    ...Mid-Atlantic to Northeast...
    Day 1-2...

    Mid-level trough over the mid-Mississippi Valley will advance
    downstream into the Ohio Valley with an attendant surface low
    migrating east along a stalled frontal boundary located over the
    Lower Tennessee Valley as of early this morning. As this low moves
    east in conjunction with its parent trough, downstream height
    rises will occur through intensifying WAA, with the resulting overrunning/upglide leading to an expansion of precipitation from
    the Mid-Atlantic/Central Appalachians into the Northeast/New
    England, especially as PWs surge to above the 90th climatological
    percentile according to NAEFS. With Canadian high pressure quickly
    retreating to the E/NE ahead of this system, the warm nose
    accompanying the WAA will be able to surge quickly northeast, and
    this will likely result in a rapid transition from snow at precip
    onset, to a mix of sleet/freezing rain, and eventually rain, even
    as far north as southern New England. Before that transition, some
    impactful winter weather is likely through briefly heavy snow
    (although accumulations should be modest) and the icy
    sleet/freezing rain combination which will lead to some impactful
    ice accumulations in the higher elevations of the Central
    Appalachians and neighboring valleys where CAD signatures remain
    prevalent through Tuesday morning.

    WPC probabilities for snow exceeding 2" each day exceed 30% only in
    a few isolated areas, the higher Central Appalachians D1, the
    Greens and Berkshires on D2, and coastal/Downeast Maine on D2-2.5.
    Total snowfall may reach 4" in a few of these areas, mainly in
    elevations above 4000ft MSL.

    The icing is expected to be more impactful, especially in the
    Central Appalachians, where the probability for at least 0.1" of
    ice exceeds 50-90% in the higher elevations of the Alleghenies,
    the Blue Ridge of VA, and into the Laurel Highlands of PA. Latest
    probs for >= 0.25" have come up towards 30-50% within a narrow
    corridor along the spine of the Central Appalachians of east-
    central WV, mainly as you move south of the Canaan Valley along the
    eastern Continental Divide. More widespread icing exceeding 0.01"
    is expected from far NW NC through southern New England, including
    the I-95 corridor from Washington, D.C. through New York City where
    the Tuesday commutes could be impacted by light icing and mixed
    precipitation. Highest probabilities for >0.01" of ice accretion
    will be found generally northwest of the fall line, especially as
    you west of the Blue Ridge and Susquehanna Valley in PA.


    ...Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    A potent closed low emerging from the Pacific has begun to push
    ashore this evening over Northern California with an expectation
    of continuing eastward across the Great Basin today, eventually
    ejecting into the Central Rockies by Tuesday morning. Although
    this feature is now progged to weaken as it translates eastward, it
    will still maintain sufficient amplitude to drive robust height
    falls/PVA into the Central Rockies, which when combined with a
    modest (90-100kt) jet streak placed favorably into the Central
    Plains, will result in lee cyclogenesis Monday evening. This low
    will deepen at least marginally as it advects E/SE into Tuesday,
    while downstream moisture from the Gulf gets wrapped cyclonically
    into the system to create anomalous PWs as high as the 97th
    climatological percentile. The combination of synoptic ascent with
    upslope enhancement north/northwest of the surface low will create
    areas of heavy snow, especially above 7000 ft in the Uintas,
    Tetons, Wind Rivers, Laramie Range, and across much of the CO
    Rockies including the Park and Front Ranges. In these areas, WPC
    probabilities are high (50-80%) for at least 4" D1 in NW WY,
    expanding to include the terrain of UT and CO on D2. Locally as
    much as 10" of snow is possible in the higher terrain.


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 2-3...

    An amplifying shortwave trough currently positioned over the Gulf
    of Alaska will gradually advect southeastward, coming onshore
    Wednesday morning. As this shortwave moves onshore, it will produce
    impressive height falls which will overlap with the RRQ of a
    meridionally strengthening jet streak (downstream of the primary
    trough axis) to drive pronounced deep layer lift into the
    Northwestern CONUS. At the same time, confluent flow immediately
    ahead of the mid-level trough will gradually back to be more SW,
    pumping elevated IVT onshore to provide the moisture needed for
    heavy precipitation. Global deterministic and their ensembles are
    starting to converge on a relatively modest IVt advection regime
    ~250 kg/ms, aligning with the ECENS outputs that have been
    consistent within this range for the past few days. This scenario
    should result in periods of heavy snow, especially in the
    Olympics, Cascades, and Northern Rockies, with snow levels falling
    steadily from around 5000 ft to 4000 ft beneath the upper trough
    and a corresponding cold front. WPC probabilities D3 are high
    70%) for at least 4" of snow along the spine of the Cascades of
    OR and WA, the highest terrain of the Olympics, and parts of
    OR/ID/MT from the Blue Mountains through the Sawtooth Region and
    into the far Northern Rockies near Glacier NP.

    Weiss/Kleebauer





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 2 18:49:12 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 021848
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    148 PM EST Mon Mar 2 2026

    Valid 00Z Tue Mar 03 2026 - 00Z Fri Mar 06 2026

    ...Mid-Atlantic to the Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Broad westerly flow aloft has brought moisture to the East, and
    retreating high pressure over New England was able to slip colder
    air southward east of the Appalachians, setting up a wintry mix for
    locations overnight. A wavy frontal boundary over the TN Valley
    into the Southeast will eventually lift northward/northeastward
    tomorrow as a weak area of low pressure off the NC Coast also moves
    northward. In the intervening hours, sub-freezing surface
    temperatures beneath warming lower-level temperatures favors
    freezing rain over the central Appalachians toward the I-95
    corridor tonight and snow to the north where the cold air is
    deeper. The precipitation shield will advance northward tomorrow
    along with the ptype transition zone. Some mixing will occur as far
    north as central New England into the southern Adirondacks. Low
    pressure will eventually carry the system off the coast by early
    Wednesday.

    Snow amounts will generally be light, especially in the Mid-
    Atlantic. From around I-90 northward, WPC probabilities for at
    least 4 inches of snow are low (10-40%) as most amounts should be
    in the 1-3" range. Higher elevations of the Green and White
    mountains show the highest chance for at least 4 inches of snow.
    The freezing rain footprint will extend from southern WV and
    southwestern VA northward along the I-81 corridor and as far west
    as the I-79 corridor northward to about I-90 and eastward to about
    I-95. Freezing rain accumulations will be highest where the cold
    air holds on longest near the highest QPF, which is forecast to be
    over the central Appalachians (eastern WV and western VA into PA in
    the typically favored locations). WPC probabilities for at least
    0.10" icing are >50% over many of these generally elevated areas,
    with some areas of eastern WV receiving around/over 0.25" ice.


    ...Central Rockies...
    Day 1...

    A closed low over the Great Basin this afternoon will move through
    the Central Rockies tonight/Tuesday and onto the Plains by early
    Wednesday. Combination of height falls/PVA and a modest (90-100kt)
    jet streak will along with upslope enhancement north/northwest of
    the surface low will create areas of heavy snow, especially above
    7000 ft in the Uintas, Tetons, Wind Rivers, Laramie Range, and
    across much of the CO Rockies including the Park and Front Ranges.
    The system will be progressive and snow should exit the region late
    tomorrow night. WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow
    are >50% above about 8000ft or so.


    ...Pacific Northwest, Great Basin, and Northern Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    A deepening system in the Gulf of Alaska will move southeastward
    tomorrow, bringing a surge of moisture into the Pacific Northwest
    ahead of a cold front. Moisture levels and IVT anomalies will be
    modest, and snow levels will start around 5000-6000ft before
    falling post-FROPA to around 4000ft Wednesday then to near 3000ft
    Thursday as precipitation becomes much lighter. Snow will spread
    eastward to the Northern Rockies (northern ID to northwestern MT)
    early Wednesday then to the Great Basin late Wednesday into
    Thursday as the upper trough moves into southwestern OR. Snow could
    be heavy at times near/above pass level as snow levels fall across
    the Cascades tomorrow night. By the end of the forecast period,
    the upper trough may deepen into a closed low over southwestern UT
    with snow spreading into the Uintas and Wasatch as well as western
    WY ranges, continuing into the medium range.

    WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are highest over
    the WA/OR Cascades, generally above 4000-5000ft. Plowable snow (at
    least a couple inches) is likely (>80% chance) around Snoqualmie
    Pass. To the east, WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow
    are >50% above 5000-6000ft or so over the Blue Mountains, central
    ID ranges, western MT, and northern NV.


    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 3 07:19:41 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 030719
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    219 AM EST Tue Mar 3 2026

    Valid 12Z Tue Mar 03 2026 - 12Z Fri Mar 06 2026

    ...Mid-Atlantic to the Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    The general synoptic pattern is unchanged from the previous
    forecast. Weak shortwave trajectory from the Mid Atlantic will
    motion northeastward off the the coast of Southern New England
    with moisture carried poleward in the process. 1041mb surface
    ridge positioned off Cape Cod will lead to a shift in the low-level
    flow by morning to a more easterly orientation with a nosing low-
    level jet around 850mb allowing a warm air protrusion into the
    boundary layer as we push through D1. Cold air will slowly retreat
    northward with snow/ice across the Northeast changing to rain, even
    as far north as Southern New England. Areas north of I-90 will hold
    on to cold air the longest with snow/ice the primary p-types
    through the event. Best ascent will be fixed to the southeast,
    however, so totals for freezing rain and snow will be relatively
    modest, at best leading to some minor to bordering moderate impacts
    where ice accretion approaches 0.1" or greater. Low pressure will
    eventually carry the system off the coast by early Wednesday
    leading to an end of the impact from this disturbance.

    Snow amounts will generally be light, especially in the Northern Mid-
    Atlantic. From around I-90 northward, WPC probabilities for at
    least 4 inches of snow are low (10-40%) as most amounts should be
    in the 1-3" range. Higher elevations of the Green and White
    mountains show the highest chance for at least 4 inches of snow.
    The freezing rain footprint will extend from the WV Panhandle into
    the Allegheny front, northward along the I-81 corridor and as far
    west as the I-79 corridor northward to about I-90 and eastward to
    about I-95. Freezing rain accumulations will be highest where the
    cold air holds on longest near the highest QPF, which is forecast
    to be over the central Appalachians and highlands of west-central
    PA. WPC probabilities for at least 0.10" icing are between 30-60% over west-central PA up towards the NY state line with lower probs <20%
    for parts of the Catskills and Berkshires.

    By D3, a potent mid-level shortwave will eject east-northeast out
    of the Midwest, aiming sights at Upstate NY through New England by
    the end of the period. A trailing axis of confluence over Atlantic
    Canada with a strong 1038+ mb surface ridge migrating east out of
    Central Canada will set the stage for a stout low-level CAD
    signature within the valley's of New England leading to a
    heightened threat for freezing rain as the boundary layer between
    925-700mb will be too warm, promoting liquid hydrometeors. Shallow
    but impressive CAD will lead to a transient light to moderate
    freezing rain between 00-12z Friday with WPC probabilities for
    0.1" already signaling 10-40% potential across the
    Hudson/Champlain Valley's along the NY/VT border, as well as
    through the southern Green mountains and neighboring Berkshires.


    ...Central Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Current WV satellite and UA analysis shows a very distinct closed
    upper reflection located over the southern reaches of the Tetons
    with snowfall occurring over the Wasatch over into the WY ranges
    and the northwestern portion of CO. This threat will carry through
    the morning with snowfall likely to breach 4" across portions of
    the Central Rockies including the Medicine Bow range located over
    northern CO and southern WY. Probs continue to come in between
    40-70% for those areas of additional snowfall >4" leading to totals
    likely to push 10+" through the storms life cycle. System will
    exit the second half of the forecast leading to an end to the
    threat as we move into the evening hours.


    ...Pacific Northwest, Great Basin, and Northern Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    A deepening system in the Gulf of Alaska will move southeastward
    through today, bringing a surge of moisture into the Pacific
    Northwest ahead of a cold front. Moisture levels and IVT anomalies
    will be modest, and snow levels will start around 5000-6000ft
    before falling post- FROPA to around 4000ft Wednesday then to near
    3000ft Thursday as precipitation becomes much lighter. Snow will
    spread eastward to the Northern Rockies (northern ID to
    northwestern MT) early Wednesday then to the Great Basin late
    Wednesday into Thursday as the upper trough moves into southwestern
    OR. Snow could be heavy at times near/above pass level as snow
    levels fall across the Cascades tomorrow night. By the end of the
    forecast period, the upper trough may deepen into a closed low over southwestern UT with snow spreading into the Uintas and Wasatch as
    well as western WY ranges, continuing into the medium range.

    WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are highest over
    the WA/OR Cascades for D2, generally above 4000-5000ft. Plowable
    snow (at least a couple inches) is likely (>80% chance) around
    Snoqualmie Pass. To the east, WPC probabilities for at least 8
    inches of snow are >50% above 5000-6000ft or so over the Blue
    Mountains, central ID ranges, western MT, UT mountains, and
    northern NV.

    Fracasso/Kleebauer


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 3 19:06:21 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 031906
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    206 PM EST Tue Mar 3 2026

    Valid 00Z Wed Mar 04 2026 - 00Z Sat Mar 07 2026

    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Weak area of low pressure near coastal Southern New England this
    evening will continue to strengthen just a bit as it lifts
    northeastward into the Gulf of Maine around midnight then into Nova
    Scotia Wednesday morning. Cold air (and sub-32F dew points) remain
    over Maine with a transition to marginal temperatures into central
    and southern areas of New England and eastern NYS. This will favor
    a continuation of snow/sleet/freezing rain over the region this
    evening before precipitation ends around 12Z Wed. Snow amounts will
    generally be light (1-3") except for some enhancement around the
    Green and White Mountains where WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches of snow are low (10%). Icing amounts of at least 0.01" are
    focused over the Catskills, Berkshires, and Worcester Hills where
    an additional 0.10" of ice is possible after 00Z (10-30% chance).

    Day 3...

    By day 3, a potent mid-level shortwave (currently over the
    Rockies) will eject east-northeast out of the Midwest and weaken as
    it rides the quasi-zonal flow into the Northeast. A trailing axis
    of confluence over Atlantic Canada with a strong 1038+ mb surface
    ridge migrating east out of Central Canada will set the stage for a
    mixed ptype event as cold air remains entrenched over areas along
    and north of I-90. Cold air damming, aided by a cold front from the
    Great Lakes to Nova Scotia, will favor freezing rain as the
    precipitation mode though some light snow is possible over New
    Hampshire into southwestern Maine which will be fully into the cold
    air. Precipitation starting Thursday evening will continue through
    Friday and taper off by the end of this forecast period (00Z Sat)
    as the shortwave moves into the Atlantic. WPC probabilities for at
    least 0.10 inch icing are moderate (40-70%) over the southern Green
    Mountains and Berkshires as well as across southern New Hampshire
    (Monadnocks) into the Worcester Hills. Lighter icing (>0.01") is
    probable for much of the Adirondacks and Catskills across Vermont
    and New Hampshire into northern CT/RI.


    ...Central Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Exiting mid-level system over CO this evening will pull away from
    the region overnight. Additional snow accumulations should be light
    (1-2") with some 3-4" amounts possible over 10,000ft.


    ...Pacific Northwest, Great Basin, and Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A mature system in the Gulf of Alaska will weaken as it moves into
    British Columbia this evening, but its southern mid-level trough
    will continue into the Pac NW, carrying a cold front ashore. A
    surge of modest moisture and IVT, coupled with snow levels
    initially around 5000-6000ft, will limit impacts. However, post-
    FROPA, snow levels will fall to around 4000ft Wednesday then to
    near 3000ft Thursday as precipitation becomes much lighter. Snow
    will spread eastward to the Northern Rockies (northern ID to
    northwestern MT) early Wednesday then to the Great Basin late
    Wednesday into Thursday as the upper trough moves into southwestern
    OR. Snow could be heavy at times near/above pass level as snow
    levels fall across the Cascades tonight and then again tomorrow
    evening as the upper trough moves through WA/OR. On Thursday, the
    trough will dig into Utah which will enhance snowfall into the
    Uintas, WY ranges, and into the CO Rockies. Snow levels will
    continue to fall across the region, initially around 7000ft in
    WY/CO late Thursday but dropping to below 5000ft early Friday,
    bringing some lighter snow to areas east of the Front Range.

    WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are >50% over the
    WA/OR Cascades, generally above 4000-5000ft. Plowable snow (at
    least a few inches) is likely (>90% chance) around Snoqualmie Pass.
    To the east, WPC probabilities days 2-3 for at least 8 inches of
    snow are >50% above 5000-6000ft or so over the Blue Mountains,
    central ID ranges, western/southwestern MT, northern NV ranges,
    Uintas/Wasatch, and into the Wind River, Laramie, Park Range, and
    Medicine Bow ranges.


    Fracasso



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 4 07:49:31 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 040749
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    249 AM EST Wed Mar 4 2026

    Valid 12Z Wed Mar 04 2026 - 12Z Sat Mar 07 2026

    ...Northeast...
    Day 2...

    A potent mid-level shortwave (currently over the Rockies) will
    eject east-northeast out of the Midwest and weaken as it rides the
    quasi-zonal flow into the Northeast. A trailing axis of confluence
    over Atlantic Canada with a strong 1038+ mb surface ridge migrating
    east out of Central Canada will set the stage for a mixed ptype
    event as cold air remains entrenched over areas along and north of
    I-90. Cold air damming, aided by a cold front from the Great Lakes
    to Nova Scotia, will favor freezing rain as the precipitation mode
    though some light snow is possible over New Hampshire into
    southwestern Maine, which will be fully into the colder airmass.
    Precipitation starting Thursday evening will continue through
    Friday as the shortwave and associated weak area of surface low
    pressure races eastward into the Atlantic. WPC probabilities for
    at least 0.10 inch icing are moderate (40-70%) over the southern
    Green Mountains and Berkshires as well as across southern New
    Hampshire (Monadnocks) into the Worcester Hills. Probabilities for
    at least 0.25 inch icing is highest (20-40%) over the southern
    Greens and Berkshires. Lighter icing (>0.01") is probable for much
    of the Adirondacks and Catskills across Vermont and New Hampshire
    into northern CT/RI.


    ...Pacific Northwest, Great Basin, and Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A mature system in the Gulf of Alaska weakening early this morning
    will shunt a southern mid- level trough into the Pac NW today,
    carrying a potent cold front ashore. A surge of modest moisture
    and IVT, coupled with snow levels initially around 5000-6000ft,
    will limit impacts. However, post- FROPA, snow levels will fall to
    around 4000ft today then to near 3000ft Thursday as precipitation
    becomes much lighter. Snow will spread eastward to the Northern
    Rockies (northern ID to northwestern MT) early this morning then
    to the Great Basin late this afternoon into Thursday as the upper
    trough moves into southwestern OR. Snow could be heavy at times
    near/above pass level as snow levels fall across the Cascades
    today and then again tomorrow evening as the upper trough moves
    through WA/OR. On Thursday, the trough will dig into Utah which
    will enhance snowfall into the Uintas, WY ranges, and into the CO
    Rockies, favoring upslope regions with ranges oriented
    perpendicular to the northwesterly flow. Snow levels will continue
    to fall across the region, initially around 7000ft in WY/CO late
    Thursday but dropping to below 5000ft early Friday. This may
    bring some lighter snow to areas east of the Front Range and High
    Plains, including from eastern CO and southeast WY to western NE
    and central SD.

    WPC days 1-2 probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are >50%
    over the WA/OR Cascades, generally above 4000-5000ft. Plowable snow
    (at least a few inches) is likely (>95% chance) around Snoqualmie
    Pass. To the east, WPC probabilities through day 3 for at least 8
    inches of snow are >50% above 5000-6000ft or so over the Blue
    Mountains, central ID ranges, western/southwestern MT, northern NV
    ranges, Uintas/Wasatch, and into the Wind River, Laramie, Park
    Range, and Medicine Bow ranges. Maximum snowfall amounts of 1 to 2
    feet can be expected in the highest peaks of these mountain ranges.


    ...Central/Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    More uncertainty regarding QPF and ptype exists throughout
    the central/northern Plains and Upper Midwest on day 3 (12z Fri.
    to 12z Sat.) as this system ejects eastward. Although less likely
    at the moment, should a stronger shortwave eject northeastward
    across the Plains on Friday and spawn a deeper surface low along
    the advancing cold front, a band of heavy snow is possible.
    However, the GFS remains alone in this higher end scenario.
    Current WPC probabilities for at least 2 inches of snow are low
    (20-40%) from western NE to northern MN.


    Snell/Fracasso




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 4 18:39:56 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 041839
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    139 PM EST Wed Mar 4 2026

    Valid 00Z Thu Mar 05 2026 - 00Z Sun Mar 08 2026

    ...Northeast...
    Day 2...

    A weakening mid-level shortwave over the central Plains will
    continue eastward as it rides the quasi-zonal flow into the
    Northeast by early Friday. A cold front will slip southward into
    New England tomorrow with a strong 1038+ mb surface high in its
    wake, anchoring in cold surface temperatures for at least central
    and northern New England. This will set the stage for a mixed ptype
    event focused over areas along and north of I-90 with at least
    some icing likely north and south of this region. Freezing rain
    will be the precipitation mode overall, though some light snow
    (1-3") is likely over Vermont/New Hampshire into southwestern
    Maine, which will be fully into the colder airmass. Precipitation
    starting Thursday evening will continue through Friday as the
    shortwave and associated weak area of surface low pressure races
    eastward into the Atlantic. Precipitation should end from west to
    east Friday afternoon. WPC probabilities for at least 0.10 inch
    icing are >50% over the southern Adirondacks, southern Green
    Mountains and Berkshires, as well as across the Worcester Hills.
    Probabilities for at least 0.25 inch icing are highest (30-60%)
    over the Berkshires and Worcester Hills. Lighter icing (>0.01") is
    probable for much of the Adirondacks and Catskills across Vermont
    and New Hampshire into northern CT/RI.


    ...Pacific Northwest, Great Basin, and Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A potent cold front has moved ashore with a surge of modest
    moisture and IVT across the Great Basin/Rockies and lowering snow
    levels in its wake. Impacts over the Cascades will increase to
    lower elevations as snow levels fall to near 3000ft
    overnight/Thursday as precipitation becomes much lighter. This will
    impact many of the passes, including Snoqualmie, where the
    probability of at least a few inches is >90%. Snow will continue to
    spread through the Rockies and Great Basin overnight as the upper
    trough reaches the NV/UT border early Thursday. Tomorrow, the
    trough will dig into Utah which will enhance snowfall into the
    Uintas, WY ranges, and into the CO Rockies, favoring upslope
    regions with ranges oriented perpendicular to the northwesterly
    flow. Additional snow is likely to the north over MT where 1-2"/hr
    rates are possible tomorrow. Snow levels will continue to fall
    across the region, initially around 7000ft in WY/CO late Thursday
    but dropping to below 5000ft early Friday. This may bring some
    lighter snow to valley locations in the interior Rockies as well as
    areas east of the Front Range and to the High Plains (including
    from eastern CO and southeast WY to western NE and central SD).

    WPC days 1-2 probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are >50%
    over the WA/OR Cascades, generally above 4000-5000ft. To the east,
    WPC probabilities through day 3 for at least 8 inches of snow are
    50% above 5000-6000ft or so over the Blue Mountains, central ID
    ranges, western/southwestern MT, northeastern NV ranges,
    Uintas/Wasatch, and into the Wind River, Laramie, Park Range, and
    Medicine Bow ranges. Maximum snowfall amounts of 1 to 2 feet can be
    expected in the highest peaks of these mountain ranges. Lower
    elevation/valley snow amounts will generally be in the T-2" range,
    including Salt Lake City, Moab, and Grand Junction, though Denver
    may see >1" (50% chance).


    ...Central/Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    The trough will eject in multiple parts onto the Northern Plains
    Friday into Saturday, with marginal temperatures beneath the area
    of precipitation on the northwest side of low pressure moving into
    the Corn Belt. Uncertainty remains high in QPF amounts, placement,
    and ptype, though the potential exists for a band of at least
    modest snow from central SD northeastward to northern MN. For now,
    WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are no higher than
    about 10% and are only 10-25% for at least 2 inches of snow.


    Fracasso/Snell


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 5 08:57:24 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 050857
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    357 AM EST Thu Mar 5 2026

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 05 2026 - 12Z Sun Mar 08 2026

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1/2...

    Shortwave low over IA early this morning will further weaken into a
    trough as it shifts to the eastern Great Lakes today and over
    central New England tonight. A 1040mb high over Quebec retains a
    wedge of cold air over New England through the Hudson Valley. Warm
    air advection ahead of the low overruns the cold setting up mixed
    precip and some all snow well into the cold sector. Snow probs are
    quite limited, generally around 20% for >2" over southern NH and
    far southern Maine which depends on how far precip can shift into
    the dry high. Otherwise, it's ice glaze potential from the
    Catskills, Berkshires into the Litchfield Hills and over the
    Worcester Hills where Day 1 probs for >0.25" are 20-60%. Plenty of
    precip occurs with this system, so it will come down to surface
    temperatures and efficiency of freezing rain with rate and wind
    factoring in. As of now the potential for 0.5" ice is limited to
    the Berkshires where the PWPF is around 10%.


    ...Cascades through the Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    A trough over Nevada this morning will dig down to AZ today and
    promote lee-side sfc cyclogenesis over eastern CO tonight. In the
    meantime, broad upper troughing over the northeast Pacific with low
    pressure over central AK will direct a plume of Pacific moisture
    across the NW on northwesterly flow.

    Areas east of the trough axis will see moderate precip rates today with
    lower snow levels around 4000ft over the UT/eastern ID ranges up
    through western MT and western WY ranges. Onshore flow and snow
    levels around 3500ft brings snow to the WA Cascades today. Day 1
    PWPF >6" are 50-90% in southwest MT ranges and 40-80% from
    northwest MT through the UT Ranges and up through the Bighorns in
    WY.

    The central Rockies get the focus late tonight through Friday with
    the lee-side low bringing some Pacific and west Gulf moisture back
    over the CO Rockies. Day 2 PWPF for >6" are 40-80% over most of the
    CO and southern WY Rockies which will be quite welcome. The snow
    focus shifts to the Plains by late Friday night.


    ...Central/Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Days 2/3...

    A trough over Nevada this morning will dig down to AZ today,
    promote lee-side sfc cyclogenesis over eastern CO tonight that
    tracks over Iowa and Wisconsin Friday and northern Michigan early
    Saturday. The strength of this low is the main point of uncertainty
    with deeper solutions from the GFS and AiGFS (and now somewhat the
    00Z CMC) develop a TROWAL band from western Nebraska through MN
    while weaker solutions like the EC have only minor fgen banding on
    the back side. WPC QPF favors decent fgen banding which would set
    up some overrunning and a swath of wintry mix along with snow
    banding. Day 2 PWPF for >4" are limited by the model variance with 20%
    in western Neb and 5% in central SD. However, probs for >2" are 10%
    or higher from western Neb through northern MN. Given the banding
    potential and motion along banding orientation, some heavy snow is
    possible in narrow swaths west of the low track.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 5 19:05:17 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 051905
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    205 PM EST Thu Mar 5 2026

    Valid 00Z Fri Mar 06 2026 - 00Z Mon Mar 09 2026

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1/2...

    Shortwave low over IA early this morning will further weaken into
    a trough as it shifts to the eastern Great Lakes today and over
    central New England tonight. A 1040mb high over Quebec retains a
    wedge of cold air over New England through the Hudson Valley. Warm
    air advection ahead of the low overruns the cold setting up mixed
    precip and some all snow well into the cold sector. Snow probs are
    quite limited, generally around 20% for >2" over southern NH and
    far southern Maine which depends on how far precip can shift into
    the dry high. Otherwise, it's ice glaze potential from the
    Catskills, Berkshires into the Litchfield Hills and over the
    Worcester Hills where Day 1 probs for >0.25" are 20-60%. Plenty of
    precip occurs with this system, so it will come down to surface
    temperatures and efficiency of freezing rain with rate and wind
    factoring in. As of now the potential for 0.5" ice is limited to
    the Berkshires where the PWPF is around 10%.


    ...Cascades through the Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A digging trough over Utah this evening will dig down to AZ
    tonight and promote lee-side sfc cyclogenesis over eastern CO
    tonight (see next section for that portion of the system).
    Concurrently, building ridging in the northeast Pacific will favor northwesterly flow into the Pac NW which will continue some light
    to modest snow for the Cascades eastward to ID and western MT which
    will continue in waves through Sunday. WPC probabilities for at
    least 8 inches of snow are >50% above about 5000ft over the
    Cascades to the central ID ranges and western/southwestern Montana.

    The upper trough will focus some locally heavier snow (1-2"/hr
    rates) over the Uintas into Colorado as the low moves eastward
    directly over central CO before weakening and stretching
    northeastward over the Plains tomorrow evening. WPC probabilities
    for at least 8 inches of snow are >50% above about 8000-9000ft. The
    highest totals >12-18 inches are likely in the San Juans and at
    elevations > 10,000ft.


    ...Central/Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    Continuation of the upper trough/low over the Rockies will promote
    lee-side sfc cyclogenesis over eastern CO tonight that tracks over
    Iowa and Wisconsin Friday and northern Michigan early Saturday.
    Guidance remains uncertain in the strength of this low (e.g., GFS
    stronger and farther northwest) and any potential TROWAL
    development contingent upon said strengthening. Middle ground
    approach, for now, yields generally light snow for the Northern
    Plains to the Upper Midwest but likely with an area of higher
    totals via banding and enhanced FGEN in the region despite the
    marginal temperatures. Individual 12Z CAM guidance shows some
    spotty 4-6" amounts between northern NE through SD to northern MN
    but others show next to nothing. WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches of snow remain low (10% or less) but the area bears
    watching.


    Mullinax/Fracasso



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 6 09:05:51 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 060905
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    405 AM EST Fri Mar 6 2026

    Valid 12Z Fri Mar 06 2026 - 12Z Mon Mar 09 2026


    ...Rockies, Central/Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    Full-latitude trough with the axis approaching the Four Corners
    early this morning will continue to promote lee-side cyclogenesis
    from the southern High Plains up through western/central KS and
    eastern Neb/western Iowa today. Pacific and western Gulf moisture
    wrapping around the lee-side low will continue across the CO
    Rockies which are under the trough today with snow levels dropping
    to around 5000ft. Day 1 snow probs for >6" additional snow after
    12Z are 40-90% across the CO Rockies and the higher ranges through
    central WY.

    Those low snow levels will allow snow accumulation on the central
    High Plains this afternoon west of the low track. Decent TROWAL
    development from the strengthening low will allow fgen bands of
    snow to form, first over the Denver metro, then extending northeast
    from there across western Neb up into SD today. 00Z HREF mean snow
    rate reaches 1"/hr over the Palmer Divide this afternoon and over
    the eastern edge of the Neb Panhandle this evening.
    Filling/weakening of the low then brings down the banded snow
    threat for eastern SD and southern MN overnight. However,
    redevelopment as the low approaches Lake Superior brings about
    renewed banded snow threats to the northern WI/MN border, far
    northern WI, and the western U.P. late tonight into Saturday. Day 2
    snow probs for >2" are limited to around the Porcupine Mtns into
    the Keweenaw Peninsula.

    Mixed precip is expected near the low track today with Day 1 PWPF
    for >0.1" ice 20-40% over southwestern to central MN.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1/2...

    Shortwave trough over lower Upstate NY early this morning shifts
    off Cape Cod by midday with ongoing freezing rain NW of Boston
    lingering this morning. WAA ahead of the low crossing northern MI
    tonight brings light precip to northern New England late tonight
    into Saturday. Residual cold surface air brings a freezing rain
    threat to the White Mtns of NH through western/northern Maine. Day
    1.5 PWPF for >0.1" is 40-70% through this region.


    ...WA Cascades...
    Day 3...

    Powerful shortwave trough rounding a southern AK low directs
    elevated Pacific moisture through WA on Sunday. Snow levels rise on
    the WA Cascades to around 5000ft Saturday night before dropping to
    around 4000ft Sunday under height falls. Day 3 PWPF for >6" snow is
    40-80% above Snoqualmie Pass level on the northern WA Cascades.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 6 19:07:20 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 061907
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    207 PM EST Fri Mar 6 2026

    Valid 00Z Sat Mar 07 2026 - 00Z Tue Mar 10 2026


    ...Rockies, Central/Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Day 1...

    A complex evolution of the longwave trough is unfolding this
    afternoon as an embedded shortwave trough currently over the CO
    Rockies will head northeast and become the primary feature in
    producing snow and ice over the Midwest. Snow will continue to fall
    over the CO Rockies this afternoon and early evening, but taper off
    by Saturday morning as the 500mb shortwave departs. A 300mb jet
    streak aloft will place its diffluent right-entrance region over
    the Central Plains and Upper Midwest this afternoon and into
    tonight as anomalous PWATs stream out ahead of the trough. Narrow
    stripes of 850mb and 700mb FGEN are expected to orient themselves
    in a SW-NE fashion from the Denver metro area and western NE to as
    far north and east as northern MN this afternoon and overnight.
    Some CAMs are showing the potential for up to 1"/hr snowfall rates
    in these areas through this evening, along with modest over-running
    at low-levels that causes freezing rain across northeast NE,
    eastern SD, northwest IA, and into both MN and the western Great
    Lakes. As surface low pressure deepens over WI Saturday morning,
    banded snow will persist over central MN and the MN Arrowhead with
    an icy wintry mix that is likely to impact the Twin Cities and
    parts of MI's Upper Peninsula (U.P.). The U.P. will transition to
    snow late morning and taper off by sunset.

    WPC probabilities show a narrow area of moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for over 2" of snowfall from northeast CO on north and
    east into west-central NE. There some some models members that show
    the potential for >4" accumulations within this band of snow, which
    could expand into southeast SD and central MN as well. The WSSI
    does depict Minor Impacts from the Denver metro area from ongoing
    snow this afternoon into western NE and southern SD. Meanwhile, ice
    will become more problematic from NE's Sand Hills on north and east
    through eastern SD and central MN given moderate-to-high chances
    (50-80%) for ice accumulations over one-hundreth of an inch.
    Southwest MN sports low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for ice
    amounts over one-tenth on an inch. Expect hazardous travel
    conditions, particularly tonight and early Saturday morning. Most
    roads should quickly improve by midday as the surface temps warm
    above freezing for many (exceptions northern MN and the U.P. of MI)
    and the higher March sun angle forces most roadways to melt any
    lingering ice that is exposed to sunlight.


    ...WA Cascades & Lewis Range...
    Days 2-3...

    Early Sunday morning will mark the the arrival of the next slug of
    Pacific moisture that supports periods of snow in the Cascades and
    the Lewis Range. Not only will there be a moisture supply amidst
    westerly upslope flow, but falling 500-700mb heights and a cold
    frontal passage will force higher snow levels to drop below 3,00f0t
    in the northern WA Cascades, and to as low as 4,000ft in the
    southern WA Cascades. Farther east, snow levels initially over
    6,000ft in elevation Saturday night will drop to as low as 5,000ft
    in the Lewis Range and Glacier Nat'l Park. Any higher, more remote
    elevation snowfall Saturday night will descend to pass level in the
    Cascades on Sunday with high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals
    6" over Snoqualmie Pass through Sunday afternoon. There are low-
    chances (10-30%) for as much as 12" around Snoqualmie pass as well,
    indicating there is a more snowy and impactful scenario at play for
    the pass. In the Lewis Range, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-
    high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4" with low chances
    (10-30%) for isolated amounts over 12" in the more remote peaks.
    The WSSI-P between 00Z Sun - 00Z Mon depicts moderate-to-high
    chances (50-80%) for Minor Impacts from Snoqualmie Pass on north
    through the northern WA Cascades, while Glacier Nat'l Park
    elevations over 6,000ft sport moderate chances (40-60%) for Minor
    Impacts.


    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 7 08:53:28 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 070853
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    353 AM EST Sat Mar 7 2026

    Valid 12Z Sat Mar 07 2026 - 12Z Tue Mar 10 2026


    ...Upper Midwest...
    Day 1...

    Surface low center tracks northeast from WI early this morning
    across northern MI through midday. Strung out comma head fgen
    banding over southern MN lifts northeast across northern WI and the
    western U.P. this morning. Right entrance jet dynamics aid lift and
    allow snow rates around 0.5"/hr per 00Z HREF around 12Z in the
    Bayfield area of WI and along the western U.P. shore/Porcupine
    Mtns. Snow lifts northeast of the Keweenaw Peninsula by noon.


    ...New Hampshire and Maine...
    Day 1...

    Warm air advection rain ahead of a trough is currently entering
    western NY. This shifts to the White Mtns of NH and Maine later
    this morning where subfreezing temps persist inland from the coast
    as high pressure continues to retreat over Atlantic Canada. Day 1
    PWPF for >0.1" are 20-30% in the interior terrain of Maine and the
    White Mtns of NH.


    ...Washington to Northern Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    A trough shifts over the Gulf of Alaska today before digging south
    down the BC coast through Monday. A tight baroclinic zone
    accompanies this trough with a powerful onshore jet and enhanced
    moisture that pushes into Washington early Sunday. Snow levels
    around 6000ft in the moisture surge Sunday morning steadily
    decrease through Sunday night, reaching around 500ft by 12Z
    Monday. Will need to monitor precip likelihood for the Seattle
    metro given Olympic shadowing in the westerly flow, but there is a
    chance for snow down near sea level particularly (from a thermal
    perspective) Monday night.

    Otherwise it's terrain based snowfall late Sunday night through
    most if not all of next week. This streams east across NW MT where
    snow levels will be 1000ft or less starting Monday. Day 2 snow
    probs for >6" are 50-90% for the WA Cascades and the Lewis Range in
    Glacier NP. These probs expand down to Mt Hood for Day 3 and well
    below pass level on the WA Cascades. The axis shifts south a bit
    inland with Day 3 snow probs for >6" over the Bitterroots and
    northern Absarokas in the 30-60% range.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 7 20:59:38 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 072059
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    359 PM EST Sat Mar 7 2026

    Valid 00Z Sun Mar 08 2026 - 00Z Wed Mar 11 2026

    ...Pacific Northwest...

    Days 1-3...

    A strong Eastern Pacific ridge axis over the Northwest is forecast
    to flatten tonight amid strong height-falls from a digging trough
    in the Gulf of Alaska. Accordingly, strong zonal onshore flow
    will set in across the Pacific Northwest by early tomorrow. As
    highlighted overnight, snow levels in the prefrontal airmass will
    be quite high to begin Sunday -- around 6-7000 feet, but should
    decrease to 500-1000 feet by Monday morning. Thus, snowfall in the
    Day 1 period should be relegated to the northern reaches of the
    Cascades, where the latest PWPF shows 60% probabilities for >4"
    atop Stevens Pass. The unsettled pattern will continue into next
    week as a digging jet-streak and shortwave approach on Monday,
    leading to renewed snowfall at and below pass level. By Days 2-3,
    snow probs for >6" are 50-90% for the WA Cascades and the Olympics.


    ...Northern Rockies to the Upper Midwest...

    Late Day 2-3...

    Snowfall is expected to expand along the northern flank of a
    developing lee-side low on Monday. A lingering Pacific moisture
    plume, superimposed with a corridor of 850-700 mb frontogenesis
    and right entrance ascent will lead to an east-west translating
    area of snowfall atop the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest. The
    progressive nature of this band should limit overall snowfall
    amounts however, evidenced by the latest PWPF which shows 20%
    probabilities of >4" in Northeast MN.

    Asherman/Jackson






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 8 08:49:58 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 080849
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    449 AM EDT Sun Mar 8 2026

    Valid 12Z Sun Mar 08 2026 - 12Z Wed Mar 11 2026

    ...Pacific Northwest Through The Northern Rockies...

    Days 1-3...

    Deep mid-level low drifts southeast over the Gulf of Alaska today
    through Monday with the trough south of it digging across
    Washington with a strengthening zonal jet before stalling/lifting
    north through midweek. Snow levels over the WA Cascades drop
    through Monday morning from the current 6000ft to near sea level
    Monday/Monday night. The first slug of moisture from this system is
    currently pushing down the south end of Vancouver Island with
    higher elevation 1"/hr snow rates over the north WA Cascades per
    the 00Z HREF. Then renewed precip arrives this evening when snow
    levels dip below 3000ft/Snoqualmie Pass level and reach 1000ft or
    less by 12Z Mon. Onshore flow and precip persist pretty much
    through the rest of this week in western WA. Will need to continue
    to monitor Puget Sound convergence banding Monday night when snow
    levels approach sea level for accumulating snow potential in the
    greater Seattle metro. Otherwise, it's upslope based snow for the
    WA Cascades with and inland axis shifting south down the MT Rockies
    this afternoon through Monday with snow levels in the moderate
    precip rates generally 4000-6000ft. Day 1 snow probs for >6" are
    around 50% near Snoqualmie Pass and 50-80% in the higher NW MT
    Ranges including the Lewis and Bitterroots. Day 2 snow probs for
    8" are 60% near Snoqualmie Pass and 30-50% in the northern/Red
    Lodge Absarokas. Day 3 snow probs for >8" are 85% near Snoqualmie
    Pass and 30-60% in the Bighorns of northern WY.
    The prolonged duration of moderate to heavy snow for the WA
    Cascades at low snow levels through midweek will be quite
    remarkable.


    ...Northern Great Lakes...

    Day 3...

    A reinforcing trough rounding the Gulf of Alaska low today digs
    across WA late Monday where it begins to draw the cutoff low
    currently off the northern Baja Peninsula toward Texas. The sheared
    southern stream remnant trough and the northern stream trough from
    WA approach each other Tuesday night over the south-central Plains,
    promoting strong inverted troughing downstream across the Midwest.
    North of this trough axis will be overrunning precip with a
    transition from a wintry mix to snow. These defined ptype changes
    will need to be closely monitored as accumulating ice and snow are
    likely. Day 3 snow probs for >4" are 40% in the MN Arrowhead and
    30% in the western coastal U.P. South of this swath is the risk for
    freezing rain with probs for >0.1" currently 10-30% over the
    eastern U.P. and northern L.P. Since the low will track along/near
    the axis of the inverted trough, duration of wintry precip over the
    northern Great Lakes will persist into/through Wednesday, so stay
    tuned for updated location and magnitude forecasts for snow and
    ice.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 8 19:24:37 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 081924
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    324 PM EDT Sun Mar 8 2026

    Valid 00Z Mon Mar 09 2026 - 00Z Thu Mar 12 2026

    ...Pacific Northwest Through The Northern Rockies...

    Days 1-3...

    An active period of winter weather is expected through mid-week as
    onshore flow persists through the period, culminating in a
    potentially long duration atmospheric river (AR) beginning on D3.

    The period begins with generally zonal mid-level flow encompassing
    the Pacific Northwest, spreading moisture onshore ahead of a cold
    front that will steadily drop southeast through Monday morning.
    This cold front will be suppressed by a strung out lobe of
    vorticity otherwise embedded within the zonal flow, and persistent
    850mb winds nearly orthogonal to the coast will help advect at
    least modest moisture onshore, with ascent into this plume aided by
    the cold front and the LFQ of an upper jet streak. Additionally,
    the orthogonal low-level winds will upslope favorably into the
    Olympics and Cascades to enhance precipitation in those ranges.

    While some moisture will additionally spill over into the Northern
    Rockies, the heaviest snowfall is expected farther west across the
    Pacific Northwest terrain. This is also where snow levels will
    become extremely low, falling to around 500 ft west of the WA
    Cascades, and as low as the surface to the east. Here, WPC
    probabilities D1 are high (>70%) for at least 6 inches of snow for
    the Olympics and WA Cascades, especially above 1000 ft, so
    significant impacts to pass-level travel is expected. While
    accumulations below 500 ft should be minimal, some lowland
    "conversational" snow is possible, which has been rare this winter.
    Additional modest accumulations are likely farther east as well,
    as reflected by WPC probabilities that reach as high as 50% for 6+
    inches near the Lewis Range of MT.

    Some modest wintry precipitation will continue into D2, but with
    lighter intensity and less coverage.

    During D3, however, the more significant event begins as the more
    notable AR spreads onshore. All local landfall tool probabilities
    (from CW3E) suggest a west-to-southwest AR with high probabilities
    80%) for at least 500 kg/m/s IVT coming onshore in southern WA
    late D3. This will be funneled eastward ahead of a cold front such
    that the highest IWV will be in a narrow channel that gradually
    sinks southward with time (possibly just beyond the current D3
    forecast period). Regardless, there is high confidence in this AR
    bring copious moisture onshore as reflected by NAEFS PW percentiles
    exceeding the 90th percentile by the end of the forecast period.
    Snow levels will climb briefly during the most intense period of AR
    conditions thanks to the accompanying WAA, but they start very low,
    around 1500 ft, so even the steady climb through 00Z/Thursday only
    rises snow levels to around 4000 ft. This suggests that the
    important passes will remain primarily snow through the event
    (since snow levels fall again into D4), and with prolonged IVT and
    pronounced upslope flow into the cold column, widespread and
    impactful heavy snow is likely to result.

    Current WPC probabilities D3 are already over 70% for 12+ inches in
    the Olympics and much of the WA Cascades, with high probabilities
    for 4+ inches expanding down into the Foothills. Moisture spilling
    over into the Northern Rockies will also cause heavy snowfall as
    reflected by WPC probabilities D3 that are as high as 30-70% for 6+
    inches. Additional snowfall is anticipated much of D4 as well as
    this prolonged event unfolds into the medium range period.


    ...Northern Plains to Northern Great Lakes...

    Day 3...

    A northern stream and southern stream trough will push east into
    the Plains Tuesday night, reflected by dual shortwaves advecting
    through the flow. Although these features are not progged to
    directly interact this forecast period, increasing downstream moist
    advection from the Gulf (and around the periphery of a southeast
    ridge) will spread impressive IVT (an AR) anti-cyclonically around
    the ridge to support expanding heavy precipitation from the
    Southern Plains into the Northern Plains and eastward towards the
    Great Lakes. This precipitation will be enhanced by a developing
    low pressure downstream of the northern stream trough (with ascent
    aided by a meridionally surging jet streak), and north of this
    surface low a mix of wintry precipitation types is expected.

    The amount and location of any significant accumulation of snow
    and/or ice is still uncertain due to considerable model spread.
    However, there is increasing confidence that a stripe of heavy
    snow will develop in response to overrunning/isentropic upglide
    northwest of a surface front from Minnesota through the U.P. of
    Michigan. Here, strong fgen, especially within the 700-600mb layer
    which intersects the DGZ, will drive a narrow corridor of heavy
    snowfall with rates potentially reaching 1"/hr at times. The
    heaviest snowfall is likely from just northeast of the Twin Cities
    through the eastern U.P. of MI where WPC probabilities for 4+
    inches of snow reach 10-50%, and locally 8+ inches of snowfall is
    possible in the higher elevations of the U.P.

    Farther south, a mixed of snow, sleet, and freezing rain will
    contribute to a strip of moderate ice accumulations. WPC
    probabilities for 0.01" of ice are above 30% from southern WI
    through the northern half of the L.P. of MI, with locally more than
    0.1" possible (30-50% chance) near the Tip of the Mitt.


    ...Northern New England...
    Day 3...

    A low pressure system emerging from the Great Lakes will track
    steadily northeast into Ontario by 00Z Thursday. Downstream of this
    low, a warm front will stretch ENE into New England, and then lift
    northward towards Canada as heights bulge over the area, and the
    accompanying WAA drives into the boundary. This synoptic evolution
    will occur downstream of an impressive trough axis digging through
    the middle of the country, with impressive IVT surging out of the
    Gulf to produce an atmospheric river (AR) around the periphery of
    the southeast ridge. This moisture will manifest as extreme PWs
    into New England (PW anomalies as much as +4 sigma) to expand
    precipitation into the area. While the column will generally be
    much too warm for wintry precipitation, mixed snow/sleet/freezing
    rain is likely along the international border with Canada, with the
    most significant accumulations likely in northern Maine. Here,
    WPC probabilities for at least 2" of snow are as high as 70-90% in
    far northern Maine, with probabilities above 10% for ice exceeding
    0.1" confined to the terrain of western ME.



    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 9 09:11:09 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 090910
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    510 AM EDT Mon Mar 9 2026

    Valid 12Z Mon Mar 09 2026 - 12Z Thu Mar 12 2026

    ...Pacific Northwest Through The Northern Rockies...

    Days 1-3...

    Active winter weather continues across the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies through this weekend with particularly low snow levels
    (especially for March) persisting into Wednesday.

    A powerful zonal jet south of a Gulf of Alaska low will continue to
    push across the WA/OR border as it continues to intensify to
    150kt+ through tonight. A tight baroclinic zone has established
    over central OR to southern MT with a moisture axis pushing across
    western WA with showery activity through this evening under a
    passing trough axis before tapering off under brief ridging
    overnight. This is the coldest portion of this storm, but precip
    should be pretty localized which may limit the snow coverage around
    the greater Seattle metro tonight as snow levels dip below 500ft
    MSL. Day 1 snow probs for >8" are over 50% above about 2000ft on
    the WA Cascades and around 30% in the Bitterroots and just south
    of Glacier NP.

    Snow levels then rise to 1500ft on the Cascades Tuesday as
    moisture content in the onshore flow increases along with snow
    rates. Day 2 snow probs for >8" are over 50% above about 2500ft on
    the WA Cascades and 40% for the Red Lodge/northern Absarokas and
    higher Bighorns.

    The next jet streak and onshore moisture surge increase is
    Wednesday, again right into western WA. Snow levels quickly rise
    above 3000ft Wednesday afternoon with high precip rates. Day 3 snow
    probs for >12" are over 50% above 3500ft and around 60% in the
    Bitterroots and Lewis Range. At least two more days of heavy
    mountain snow, so stay tuned for further details on that forecast.


    ...Northern Plains through the Northern Great Lakes...

    Days 2-3...

    A southern stream cutoff low off Baja will eject east and open into
    a trough before reaching TX Tuesday night. Considerable
    sub-tropical Pacific moisture will stream across Mexico and be
    joined by west Gulf moisture that surges up the Plains. Meanwhile a
    northern stream trough crosses the northern Rockies Tuesday with
    an inverted trough developing from the southern Plains to Chicago
    Tuesday night with surface low development over southeast MI early
    Wednesday. The surging moisture will wrap around the surface
    trough/developing low, forming a comma head and connecting fgen
    band over SD to southern MN Tuesday night. North of the low track
    expect swaths of wintry mix before being all snow over far northern
    WI and the U.P. Confidence is rising on a dry slot extending
    through this wintry mix zone which complicates the QPF in this
    case. There is decent storm track and QPF coverage from the 00Z
    AIGFS/EC-AIFS and GFS on heavy banded snow over the U.P. and
    sufficient QPF over the wintry mix zone for concerning freezing
    rain accumulations. Day 2.5 snow probs for >6" are 40% in the Huron
    Mtns and 30% along the central U.P. northern shore though these do
    seem a bit suppressed. Ice probs have risen despite the risk for
    dry slotting with the northeast L.P. having Day 2.5 probs for
    0.25" peak around 40%. Interestingly the WSSI-P moderate impact
    ice has a peak around 50% in a similar area. Overall this is a
    fairly progressive storm, much more so than the prolonged ice storm
    last March in this area.


    ...Northern New England...
    Days 2/3...

    Surface low pressure downstream of a northern stream trough
    over the Upper Midwest tracks across New York on Wednesday before
    crossing northern New England Wednesday night. A warm front
    downstream of the low will extend ENE into New England, and then
    lift through northern Maine with strong moisture advection driving
    a warm nose over residual cold air from high pressure tracking
    north of Maine Tuesday night. A wintry mix of sleet and freezing
    rain spreads generally north of NY/VT and across north-central
    Maine where Day 3 ice probs for >0.1" are 40-60%. Thermals likely
    remain cold enough for the northern tip of Maine where Day 3 snow
    probs for >6" are 40-60% in northern Aroostook Co.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 9 18:03:09 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 091802
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    202 PM EDT Mon Mar 9 2026

    Valid 00Z Tue Mar 10 2026 - 00Z Fri Mar 13 2026

    ...Pacific Northwest Through The Northern Rockies... Days 1-3...

    Active winter weather continues across the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies through this weekend with particularly low snow levels
    (especially for March) persisting into Wednesday.

    A powerful zonal jet south of a Gulf of Alaska low will continue to
    push across the WA/OR border as it continues to intensify to
    150kt+ through tonight. A tight baroclinic zone has established
    over central OR to southern MT with a moisture axis pushing across
    western WA with showery activity through this evening under a
    passing trough axis before tapering off under brief ridging
    overnight. This is the coldest portion of this storm, but precip
    should be pretty localized which may limit the snow coverage around
    the greater Seattle metro tonight as snow levels dip below 500ft
    MSL. Day 1 snow probs for >8" are over 50% above about 2000ft on
    the WA Cascades and around 30% in the Bitterroots and just south
    of Glacier NP.

    This initial round of wintry precipitation pushes east late D1 into
    D2, but is quickly followed by a resurgence of heavier
    precipitation. This secondary swath of precipitation will be driven
    by an impressive westerly AR, which will move onshore near 45N
    after 00Z/Wednesday, and then maintain elevated IVT intensity (>250
    kg/m/s) through a long duration, continuing through the end of the
    forecast period. Both the ECENS and West-WRF ensemble probabilities
    suggest the most significant IVT will occur 00Z/12 - 00Z/13,
    during which time snow levels will rise to as high as 4000 ft in
    WA, but 6000 ft in OR, thanks to a sharp cold front demarcating the
    highly variable snow levels. In general, though, snow levels will
    be quite low, and with the prolonged AR continuing the latter 2/3
    of the forecast period, this will result in periods of moderate to
    heavy snow, especially across the Olympics and Cascades where the orthogonal/onshore flow will drive pronounced upslope enhancement
    to snow amounts.

    WPC probabilities D2 for heavy snow indicate a high risk (>70%) for
    at least 12 inches of snow across the WA Cascades and Olympics,
    with considerable impacts to pass-level travel expected at all the
    Cascade passes since heavy snow is expected above 2500 ft. Locally
    more than 2 feet is expected D2 in the higher crests and peaks. Lighter,
    but still significant snow (>4") is likely into the OR Cascades
    and Northern Rockies.

    During D3, there is little adjustment to the footprint of heavy
    snow as the westerly AR continues with little latitudinal
    fluctuation. The biggest difference will be across OR where snow
    levels climbing to as high as 6000 ft shuts down the pass-level
    concerns in the OR Cascades. However, heavy snow continues above
    3000 ft (or lower in the northern WA Cascades and Northern Rockies)
    where WPC probabilities remain above 70% for an additional 12+
    inches of snowfall, and compounding pass-level impacts at locations
    such as Snoqualmie and Stevens Passes leading to extremely
    dangerous travel. Additionally, this snow will have a generally low
    SLR, so the combination of heavy rates and the heavy-wet nature of
    the snow, over a prolonged period of time, could result in
    widespread major impacts across the Cascades as reflected by the
    recent WSSI-P.


    ...Northern Plains through the Northern Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2..

    Northern and southern stream shortwaves will cross the country
    from the west, reaching the Plains by Wednesday morning. Although
    these features will remain separate, downstream moisture advection
    will steadily intensify, with impressive IVT exceeding 500 kg/m/s
    surging northward from the Gulf suggesting an atmospheric river
    (AR), which is also modeled by the recent PSL ARDT tool by late
    Tuesday night. This will surge impressive moisture (PWs reaching +4
    sigma into the Great Lakes), into which a developing low pressure,
    aided by broad synoptic ascent, will develop to expand
    precipitation across the area. As the low develops and moisture
    expands, mid-level isentropic ascent/WAA will lead to a narrow
    corridor of fgen between 700-600mb, resulting in a stripe of
    moderate to heavy snow from South Dakota through Minnesota and into
    the U.P. of Michigan. Snowfall rates of 1"/hr or more are possible
    within this expanding band of snow, and while this should
    accumulate efficiently, the duration of heavy snow is expected to
    be limited, reducing the potential for widespread significant
    accumulations. Still, WPC probabilities are moderate (30-70%
    chance) for at least 4 inches of snowfall from far northern WI
    through the U.P. of MI, with more than 2 inches likely anywhere
    along this band from eastern SD through the Great Lakes.

    South of this heavy snow band, an axis of significant freezing rain
    is likely as the accompanying WAA pushes a warm nose >0C northward
    through eastern Wisconsin and the L.P. of Michigan. As this occurs,
    surface temperatures will remain below freezing thanks to weak E/NE
    winds flowing out of a surface high pressure to the northeast to
    keep wet-bulb temperatures below freezing. The duration of freezing
    rain in a narrow corridor could be significant, especially from
    near the Door Peninsula of WI through the northern L.P. of MI, but
    temperatures right around 0C will somewhat limit accretion
    efficiency. Still, WPC probabilities indicate a high chance of at
    least 0.01" of ice from central WI through much of the L.P. of MI,
    with locally more than 0.25" possible east of Traverse City and
    towards the Tip of the Mitt. Any freezing rain accretions above
    0.25" could result in local infrastructure impacts, and the
    Wednesday morning commute will likely be treacherous in these
    areas.


    ...Northern New England & Eastern Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    Potent northern stream shortwave lifting steadily eastward from the
    Central Plains will cross into the Great Lakes/Ohio Valley Thursday
    while amplifying. Downstream of this trough amplification, a
    meridionally arcing jet streak will favorably influence ascent
    through the RRQ to help strengthen a surface low tracking from
    lower Michigan into Ontario, and then eventually moving over
    northern Maine Thursday morning. Downstream of this system,
    moisture advection will intensify from the Gulf, driven by potent
    850mb WAA, which will additionally surge the surface warm front
    northward. The combination of the deep layer ascent with the
    resulting fgen (as a result of the WAA) will create heavy
    precipitation along the international border with Canada and then
    into northern Maine. Precipitation will likely start as snow across
    northern Maine, but everywhere else, and then later in the period
    across northern Maine, a mix of sleet and freezing rain, eventually
    becoming rain, is expected, as the warm nose surges northward. The
    guidance has trended slightly warmer the past few runs, but heavy
    snow rates exceeding 1"/hr are likely in Northern Maine,
    contributing to a high risk (>70% chance) for at least 4 inches of
    snow, with locally 6-8 inches possible. Elsewhere, ice will likely
    be the primary hazard, with WPC probabilities indicating a moderate
    risk (30-70% chance) of at least 0.1 inches of ice in the northern
    Adirondacks, northern New Hampshire, and parts of north-central
    Maine.

    As this low pulls away, strong CAA in its wake may result in
    periods of moderate to heavy lake effect snow (LES) across Upstate
    New York. Regional soundings indicate a modest environment for
    heavy rates, but where the flow is most uniform across the Lakes,
    WPC probabilities indicate a moderate risk (30-70%) for at least 2
    inches of snowfall along the Chautauqua Ridge and into the Tug Hill
    Plateau, with local amounts above 4 inches possible.


    Weiss


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 10 09:09:09 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 100908
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    508 AM EDT Tue Mar 10 2026

    Valid 12Z Tue Mar 10 2026 - 12Z Fri Mar 13 2026

    ...Cascades Through The Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Washington Cascades Blizzard into Thursday...

    Active winter weather continues across the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies through Friday night with particularly low snow levels
    (especially for March) persisting through tonight.

    A reinforcing shortwave trough rides a 150kt zonal jet positioned
    south of a Gulf of Alaska low across the WA/OR border today. Low
    snow levels (500ft or below) persist this morning over western WA
    under the trough with snow levels rising to 1500ft this afternoon
    as heights rise after the trough axis passage. Onshore flow
    persists today with the next atmospheric river approaching tonight
    with rates becoming moderate overnight with increasing winds. Day
    1 PWPF for >8" is around 60% at Snoqualmie Pass and over 40% above
    about 2000ft on the WA and northern OR Cascades as well as the
    Olympics.

    A focused axis of 0.75 to 1" PW shifts across the western WA/OR
    border Wednesday through Friday with a trough axis crossing early
    Thursday. Powerful winds accompany the leadup to the trough axis
    with 850mb winds of 40-60kt expected across the WA and northern OR
    Cascades Wednesday night before easing into the 25kt range on
    Thursday. Snow levels rise to 4000ft through Wednesday in the WAA
    of the AR axis before dropping over WA into the 2000-3000ft range
    late Wednesday night. Days 2/3 snow probs for >12" are quite
    impressive, generally 50-80% above about 2500ft on Day 2 and 2000ft
    on Day 3. Blizzard warnings are up for the WA Cascades through
    Wednesday with the watch extending into Friday for this prolonged
    event.

    This moisture axis extends inland over the northern Rockies through
    this event. Snow levels rise there into the 4000-5000ft range
    through Wednesday night before the moisture axis shifts south a bit
    Thursday. Day 2 snow probs for >8" are 50-80% for the Bitterroots
    through the Lewis Range before focusing on the Bitterroots,
    Anaconda Range and southern Lewis Range on Day 3.


    ...Northern Plains through the Northern Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2..

    Broad troughing over the northern tier of the CONUS focuses onto a
    more defined northern stream trough over the northern Rockies today
    which sweeps across the northern Plains tonight, the Upper Midwest
    Wednesday, and the Great Lakes Wednesday night. A sinewy band of
    moderate snow over north-central MN, northern WI, and the western
    U.P. is from fgen on the leading edge of a developing inverted
    trough developing downstream of the forming trough axis. An
    additional factor in the developing storm is a cutoff low currently
    over the Sea of Cortez that ejects to TX through tonight. This
    reinforces the downstream inverted trough and promotes surface low
    pressure development over IL tonight. Broad cyclonic flow develops
    tonight with fgen snow banding over the north-central Plains
    through central MN up through northern WI and the western U.P.
    pivoting down to eastern Neb. Dry slotting is well defined now in
    guidance south of the snow and north of the surface low. Mixed
    precip will develop through this zone over central WI and
    especially northern L.P. of MI. Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are over
    40% from northern WI through the north shore of the eastern U.P.
    with embedded 60% probs for >8" in the Huron Mtns. Day 1.5 probs
    for >0.25" are 40-60% in the northern U.P. east of I-75.


    ...Far Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    Potent northern stream shortwave lifting steadily eastward from the
    Central Plains will cross into the Great Lakes/Ohio Valley Thursday
    while amplifying. Downstream of this trough amplification, a
    meridionally arcing jet streak will favorably influence ascent
    through the right entrance region to help strengthen a surface low
    tracking from lower Michigan through Ontario, before tracking north
    of Maine late Wednesday night. Downstream of this system, moisture
    advection will intensify from the Gulf, driven by potent 850mb
    WAA, which will additionally surge the surface warm front
    northward. The combination of the deep layer ascent with the
    resulting fgen (as a result of the WAA) will create heavy
    precipitation along the international border with Canada and then
    into northern Maine. Precipitation will likely start as snow across
    northern Maine, but everywhere else, and then later in the period
    across northern Maine, a mix of sleet and freezing rain, eventually
    becoming rain, is expected, as the warm nose surges northward. Day
    2 ice probs for >0.25" are 30-50% in interior north-central Maine
    with Day 2 snow probs for >6" limited to northern Aroostook Co.

    Some LES can be expected in the wake of this low off Lake Ontario
    late Thursday.


    ...Northern Plains to Northern Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    The potent shortwave trough axis crossing northern WA early
    Thursday really amplifies over the northern Plains Thursday before
    rapidly developing into a major low pressure system over the Upper
    Midwest Thursday night. This progressive system will be on the
    leading edge of a 150kt WNWly jet. A strong wind field and heavy
    snow bands will develop with this low. Day 3 snow probs for >6" are
    30-60% over northeast ND and across northern WI, much of the U.P.,
    and the North Shore of MN. This coming on the heels of the
    low tonight into Wednesday will make for a notable late-season
    impact to the Upper Midwest/northern Great Lakes.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 10 18:42:51 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 101842
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    242 PM EDT Tue Mar 10 2026

    Valid 00Z Wed Mar 11 2026 - 00Z Sat Mar 14 2026

    ...Cascades Through The Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Washington Cascades Blizzard into Thursday...

    Active winter weather continues across the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies through Friday night with particularly low snow levels
    (especially for March) persisting through tonight.

    The overall synoptic pattern for D1 and beyond remains very
    consistent with run-to-run continuity. A reinforcing shortwave
    trough has continued to ride a 150kt zonal jet positioned south of
    a Gulf of Alaska low across the WA/OR border as evidenced by the
    first precipitation output located along the WA coastal areas. Low
    snow levels (500ft or below) persist this morning over western WA
    under the trough with snow levels rising to 1500ft this afternoon
    as heights rise after the trough axis passage. Onshore flow
    persists today with the next atmospheric river approaching tonight
    with rates becoming moderate overnight with increasing winds. Day 1
    PWPF for >8" is around 60-70% at Snoqualmie Pass and over 40%
    above about 2000ft on the WA and northern OR Cascades as well as
    the Olympics.

    A focused axis of 0.75 to 1" PW shifts across the western WA/OR
    border Wednesday through Friday with a trough axis crossing early
    Thursday. Powerful winds accompany the leadup to the trough axis
    with 850mb winds of 40-60kt expected across the WA and northern OR
    Cascades Wednesday night before easing into the 25kt range on
    Thursday. Snow levels rise to 4000ft through Wednesday in the WAA
    of the AR axis before dropping over WA into the 2000-3000ft range
    late Wednesday night as noted within the negative temperature
    advection regime focused between 850-700mb. Days 2/3 snow probs for
    12" are quite impressive, generally 50-80% above about 2500ft on
    Day 2 and 2000ft on Day 3. Blizzard warnings are up for the WA
    Cascades through Wednesday with the watch extending into Friday for
    this prolonged event.

    This moisture axis extends inland over the northern Rockies through
    this event. Snow levels rise there into the 4000-5000ft range
    through Wednesday night before the moisture axis shifts south a bit
    Thursday. Day 2 snow probs for >8" are 50-90% for the Bitterroots
    through the Lewis Range before focusing on the Bitterroots,
    Anaconda Range and southern Lewis Range on Day 3.


    ...Northern Plains through the Northern Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2..

    Broad troughing over the northern tier of the CONUS focuses onto a
    more defined northern stream trough over the northern Rockies today
    which sweeps across the northern Plains tonight, the Upper Midwest
    Wednesday, and the Great Lakes Wednesday night. Current WV
    satellite and accompanying UA analysis indicates a defined
    shortwave trough located over the north-central Rockies with a
    broad diffluent upper pattern focused from the Mid-Mississippi
    Valley up into the Lower Great Lakes. A sinewy band of moderate
    snow over north- central MN, northern WI, and the western U.P. is
    from fgen on the leading edge of a developing inverted trough
    developing downstream of the forming trough axis. An additional
    factor in the developing storm is a cutoff low currently over the
    Sea of Cortez that ejects to TX through tonight. This reinforces
    the downstream inverted trough and promotes surface low pressure
    development over IL tonight. Broad cyclonic flow develops tonight
    with fgen snow banding over the north-central Plains through
    central MN up through northern WI and the western U.P. pivoting
    down to eastern Neb. Dry slotting is well defined now in guidance
    south of the snow and north of the surface low. Mixed precip will
    develop through this zone over central WI and especially northern
    L.P. of MI. Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are over 40% from northern
    WI through the north shore of the eastern U.P. with embedded 60-90%
    probs for >8" in the Huron Mtns. Day 1.5 probs for >0.25" of ice
    accretion are 50-80% in the northern U.P. east of I-75 with the
    maxima focused around Alpena and points just south where guidance
    is most aggressive with a prolonged freezing rain environment
    through the storms life cycle.


    ...Far Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    General pattern evolution remains unchanged with strong run-to-run
    continuity for the setup. A potent northern stream shortwave
    lifting steadily eastward from the Central Plains will cross into
    the Great Lakes/Ohio Valley Thursday while amplifying. Downstream
    of this trough amplification, a meridionally arcing jet streak will
    favorably influence ascent through the right entrance region to
    help strengthen a surface low tracking from lower Michigan through
    Ontario, before tracking north of Maine late Wednesday night.
    Downstream of this system, moisture advection will intensify from
    the Gulf, driven by potent 850mb WAA, which will additionally surge
    the surface warm front northward. The combination of the deep
    layer ascent with the resulting fgen (as a result of the WAA) will
    create heavy precipitation along the international border with
    Canada and then into northern Maine. Precipitation will likely
    start as snow across northern Maine, but everywhere else, and then
    later in the period across northern Maine, a mix of sleet and
    freezing rain, eventually becoming rain, is expected, as the warm
    nose surges northward. Day 2 ice probs for >0.25" are 30-60% in
    interior north-central Maine with Day 2 snow probs for >6" limited
    to northern Aroostook Co.

    Some LES can be expected in the wake of this low off Lake Ontario
    late Thursday. Low-end probabilities (<20%) exist for snowfall of
    at least 4" across the Tug Hill Plateau with the best chance for
    snowfall more coincident with the evolving synoptic pattern across
    Canada down through the North Country where 10-40% probabilities
    exist for at least 4" of snowfall, mainly in the highest elevations
    of the Adirondak's.


    ...Northern Plains to Northern Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    The potent shortwave trough axis crossing northern WA early
    Thursday really amplifies over the northern Plains Thursday before
    rapidly developing into a major low pressure system over the Upper
    Midwest Thursday night. This progressive system will be on the
    leading edge of a 150kt WNWly jet. A strong wind field and heavy
    snow bands will develop with this low. Day 3 snow probs for >6" are
    40-70% across northern WI, much of the U.P., and the North Shore
    of MN. This coming on the heels of the low tonight into Wednesday
    will make for a notable late-season impact to the Upper
    Midwest/northern Great Lakes where snowfall totals of 1-2ft will be
    common across the North Shores of Superior over into the Michigan
    U.P. where 18-24+" is forecast across the Huron Mountains and
    neighboring Keweenaw Peninsula.

    Jackson/Kleebauer


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 11 09:10:02 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 110909
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    509 AM EDT Wed Mar 11 2026

    Valid 12Z Wed Mar 11 2026 - 12Z Sat Mar 14 2026

    ...Cascades Through The Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Washington Cascades Blizzard into Thursday...

    Active winter weather continues across the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies through Friday night with heavy precip and high winds
    especially tonight.

    A focused axis of 0.75 to 1" PW shifts across the western WA/OR
    border through Friday night with a trough axis crossing tonight.
    Powerful winds accompany the leadup to the trough axis with 850mb
    winds of 40-60kt expected across the WA and northern OR Cascades
    tonight before easing into the 25kt range on Thursday. Snow levels
    currently in the 2000-3000ft range rise to around 5000ft this
    afternoon in the WAA of the AR axis before dropping over WA into
    the 2000-3000ft range late tonight as noted within the negative
    temperature advection regime focused between 850-700mb. This will
    be quite the snow event for the higher elevations of the WA
    Cascades and the higher northern ID/northwestern MT ranges. Days
    1-3 each have snow probs for >24" above 40% in the Cascades and 30%
    in those ID/MT ranges (with only a little wobble in the axis south
    on Day 2 before returning north for Day 3). Snow probs for >12" at
    Snoqualmie Pass are 70% on Day 1, 95% on Day 2, and 70% again for
    Day 3. Major impacts are expected across the WA Cascades, the
    Bitterroots, western MT ranges and on Day 2 for northwestern WY
    ranges.


    ...Northern Great Lakes and Far Northeast...
    Day 1..

    Northern stream trough over the Upper Midwest with southern stream
    low over west Texas shift east to the Great Lakes/Southeast through
    tonight. The surface low over northern IL rapidly develops as it
    shifts across southern MI this morning and Quebec tonight. Banding
    around the elongated 850mb low over WI/MI is continuing over the
    U.P. with a separate area of light to moderate snow in central Neb.
    This axis pivots more N-S through this morning before lifting into
    Canada. Day 1 snow probs for >6" additional after 12Z are 50% in
    the Huron Mtns and 20-40% in the eastern U.P. and far northern
    Aroostook Co Maine.
    Meanwhile WAA ahead of the low shifts across the eastern U.S. with
    sufficient lingering cold over interior north- central Maine into
    Coos Co NH where Day 1 ice probs for >0.1" are 40-80%. Ongoing ice
    over the northern L.P. lingers this morning with 20% probs for an
    additional 0.1" after 12Z in a swath of the northeastern part of
    the state.


    ...Northern Plains through Northern Great Lakes into Northeast...
    Days 2/3...

    The potent shortwave trough axis crossing northern WA Wednesday
    night on a 150kt potent WNWly jet really amplifies over the
    northern Plains Thursday afternoon, producing a mature surface low
    that crosses the northern Great Lakes Thursday night and pushes up
    the St. Lawrence on Friday before reaching northern Maine Friday
    night. A strong wind field and heavy snow bands will develop with
    this low, though there remains some uncertainty with the track. The
    EC-AIFS and CMC are farther south with a Day 2 QPF axis focused
    just south of Duluth, while the GFS and NAM have the axis north
    from Duluth. A compromised solution in between (WPC QPF actually
    favors the south solution) is pretty close to the AIGEFS axis with
    more magnitude. Day 2 snow probs for >6" are 40% over northern MN
    with Day 2.5 probs 40-80% from the North Shore of MN, far northern
    WI, and all of the U.P. and the northern L.P. This track then
    continues east with Day 3 probs for >6" 40-60% over the Tug Hill
    and southern Adirondacks. Unlike the previous system, this one is
    much more simple with rain/snow and not a wintry mix. However, the
    deep low will create quite a wind field with localized blizzard
    conditions possible in spite of the North Woods' friction.


    Jackson


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 11 18:00:48 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 111800
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    200 PM EDT Wed Mar 11 2026

    Valid 00Z Thu Mar 12 2026 - 00Z Sun Mar 15 2026

    ...Cascades Through The Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Washington Cascades Blizzard into Thursday...

    Active winter weather continues across the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies through Friday night with heavy precip and high winds
    especially tonight.

    Very little deviation in the synoptic scale forecast across the
    Pacific Northwest as the initial wave of the next AR takes aim at
    WA/OR, protruding inland into the Northern Rockies. Recent 12z RAOB
    out of KSLE (Portland, OR) and CONUS mesoanalysis confirms A
    focused axis of 0.75 to 1" PW advecting into the WA/OR coast. The
    expectation is for this advection regime to spread east across the
    northern half of OR into WA state, eventually making progression
    into the Northern Rockies as noted via a modest IVT pulse running
    between 500-700 kg/ms. This will create a prolonged heavy snowfall
    forecast within the terrain encompassing the Cascades into the
    interior thanks to prevailing upslope flow lingering into the end
    of the week (Friday PM). Shortwave trough currently off the WA
    coast will advance eastward through the day today with powerful
    winds preceding the mean shortwave trough axis with 850mb winds of
    40-70kts expected across the WA and northern OR Cascades tonight
    before easing into the 25-30kt range on Thursday as the trough
    axis finally crosses the region by early Thursday morning.

    Snow levels currently in the 2000-3000ft range rise to around
    5000ft this afternoon in the WAA of the AR axis before dropping
    over WA into the 2000-3000ft range late tonight as noted within the
    negative temperature advection regime focused between 850-700mb.
    This will be quite the snow event for the higher elevations of the
    WA Cascades and the higher northern ID/northwestern MT ranges. Days
    1-3 each have snow probs for >24" above 40% in the Cascades and
    30% in those ID/MT ranges (with only a little wobble in the axis
    south on Day 2 before returning north for Day 3). Snow probs for
    12" at Snoqualmie Pass are 70% on Day 1, 95% on Day 2, and 70%
    again for Day 3. Cumulative 72hr snowfall probability of >24" is
    above 70% for a majority of the WA Cascades and across the
    Bitterroots/ western MT ranges northwestern WY ranges with lower
    (30-70%), albeit modest probabilities for the same threshold across
    the Absoroka's down into the Wind River ranges in northwest WY and
    bordering MT.


    ...Northern Plains through Northern Great Lakes into Northeast...
    Days 2/3...

    The potent shortwave trough axis crossing northern WA overnight
    into tomorrow morning will quickly eject into the Northern Plains
    and neighboring Alberta/Saskatchewan Provinces through Thursday
    with sights downstream on the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes by the
    second half of D2. A LER of a potent 150kt upper jet will really
    help to amplify an accompanying surface low over the northern
    Plains as it matures rapidly into a powerful mid-980s low as it
    crosses into the northern Great Lakes Thursday night. Strong winds
    and heavy snow will press northwest to southeast from northeast ND
    through the northern-third of MN, eventually making headway into
    the Michigan U.P by early Friday morning. The strong cyclone will
    continue to move quickly eastward as it advances up into the St.
    Lawrence on Friday before reaching northern Maine Friday night.

    Day 2-2.5 snow probs for >6" are 40-80% over northern MN with the
    highest probabilities centered along the North Shore of Lake
    Superior in the Arrowhead of MN. D2.5-3 probabilities for >6" are
    between 50-80% across far northern WI, all of the U.P., and the
    northern L.P. This track then continues east with Day 3 probs for
    6" 40-70% over the Tug Hill and southern Adirondacks. Unlike the
    previous system, this one is much more simple with rain/snow and
    not a wintry mix. However, the deep low will create quite a wind
    field with localized blizzard conditions possible in spite of the
    North Woods' friction.

    Jackson/Kleebauer


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 12 07:53:58 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 120753
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    353 AM EDT Thu Mar 12 2026

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 12 2026 - 12Z Sun Mar 15 2026

    ...Cascades Through The Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Washington Cascades Blizzard today...

    Active winter weather continues across the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies through Friday night with heavy precip and high winds
    especially tonight.

    Atmospheric river (AR) plunging onshore WA/OR will continue with
    high probabilities (>90% chance) of exceeding 250 kg/m/s for IVT
    continuing into Friday. This AR has been persistent, and will
    maintain a westerly direction through landfall transporting
    moisture orthogonally into the WA/OR coasts. This prolonged AR will
    bring copious moisture onshore, with pronounced spillover reaching
    all the way to the Northern Rockies as reflected by still high
    probabilities (>90% chance) for IVT exceeding 250 kg/m/s today and
    tonight.

    This moisture will be wrung out as heavy precipitation through
    orographic enhancement into the Olympics, Cascades, and Northern
    Rockies, with additional heavy precipitation reaching the lower
    elevations through mid-level isentropic ascent due to WAA. However,
    a low pressure moving out of Alberta, Canada and into the Northern
    Plains by Thursday aftn will drape a cold front southward, with
    this front become elongated west to east causing some additional
    upslope and mesoscale ascent, while additionally creating a sharp
    gradient in snow levels. North of this front, snow levels will
    waver between 1500-2500 ft, creating significant impacts at many of
    the Cascades and Northern Rockies passes, especially during D1 when precipitation will be the heaviest. Farther south, snow levels will
    remain elevated as high as 6000-7000 ft in Oregon, resulting in far
    weaker winter related impacts through the period.

    The precipitation will likely be nearly continuous across the
    terrain, with only as low S/SE trend through Friday evening.
    However, by Saturday, the ascent should advect away to the east
    while the best moisture shunts to the southeast, bringing an end to
    wintry precipitation across the area. Before that happens, periods
    of heavy snow combined with strong winds will result in blizzard
    conditions across the Olympics, WA Cascades, and parts of the
    Northern Rockies near Glacier NP and the Lewis Range. With snow
    levels so low, travel across the passes will be extremely impacted
    as 1-2+"/hr snowfall combines with strong winds. Where this snow
    accumulates most robustly, WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for at
    least an additional 24", with locally 3-5 feet of snow expected in
    the Cascades and highest Northern Rockies elevations, leading to
    continued challenging travel across the passes.


    ...Great Lakes into the Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A fast moving, compact, but intense low pressure will race eastward
    near the United States/Canada border from this morning through
    Saturday morning, bringing a stripe of heavy snow and strong winds
    to parts of the area.

    This low will initially develop over the British Columbia province
    Wednesday evening, but being to deepen rapidly as it approaches
    North Dakota Thursday morning. This low will be driven by a potent
    shortwave emerging from the Canadian Rockies and then deepening
    into a closed low despite modest amplitude of the feature thanks to
    being embedded within pinched westerlies and fast mid-level flow.
    As this shortwave deepens, likely reaching peak amplitude 00Z/Fri -
    12Z/Fri, it will work in tandem with the LFQ of nearly zonal, but strengthening, jet streak, to produce rapid ventilation aloft to
    result in the surface low deepening quickly. This low is likely to
    track from western ND to eastern WI on Thursday, and then continue
    east, ejecting away from the Maine coast on Saturday morning.

    As this low progresses east, especially into the Great Lakes, it
    will interact with a moistening column thanks to residual IVT from
    an atmospheric river spreading eastward from the Pacific Northwest.
    PWs are progged to reach +2 sigma, with this moisture then being
    advected cyclonically into the low, reflected by a strengthening
    theta-e ridge /TROWAL/ lifting northward into the western Great
    Lakes. Impressive deep layer ascent will then couple with
    increasing isentropic ascent and 850-700mb fgen (in response to
    intensifying WAA) to produce an environment will support heavy snow
    rates for which the HREF suggests has a 70-90% chance of exceeding 1"/hr, especially along the Arrowhead and into the U.P. of MI. Although
    there is still some latitudinal uncertainty as to where the
    heaviest snow will occur, there is high confidence in a stripe of
    heavy accumulations from northern MN through northern WI, the U.P.
    of MI, and into the northern L.P. of MI. This is reflected by WPC
    probabilities that are high (>70%) for at least 6 inches from far
    northern MN into much of the U.P. and northern L.P. of MI, with
    locally more than 12 inches possible across the Iron Ranges of the
    Arrowhead.

    Additionally, impacts will be considerable as these intense
    snowfall rates combine with gusty winds that may reach 30-50 mph to
    produce near blizzard conditions and dangerous travel. The WSSI-P
    indicates a 20-40% chance of at least moderate impacts across the
    Upper Midwest/Great Lakes, so the Thursday evening and Friday
    morning commutes will likely be extremely challenging.

    As this low skirts eastward on Friday into Saturday, it initially
    occludes over MI and then pivots rapidly into New England Friday
    night. During this time, the most significant ascent beings to wane
    as the upper low opens and the best synoptic ascent no longer
    overlaps within the LFQ of the accompanying jet streak. Impressive
    WAA at 850mb will surge northeast from the Mid-Atlantic states into
    the Northeast, helping to expand precipitation further despite a
    reduction in available PW (compared to areas farther west). This
    will likely still result in a swath of moderate snowfall from
    Upstate NY through coastal ME, with again some continued
    uncertainty into the latitudinal placement of the heaviest amounts.
    The heaviest snow is likely in the upslope regions of the
    Adirondacks D2 where WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for at least
    6 inches, including across the Tug Hill Plateau, with lesser, but
    still significant snowfall of 2-4" expected in the higher terrain
    of the Green and White Mountains.


    ...Central Appalachians & I-95 Corridor...
    Day 1...

    A tricky forecast for snowfall will develop from the Central
    Appalachians into the Mid-Atlantic states today. A powerful cold
    front will race eastward from the Ohio Valley/Central Appalachians
    tonight, to exit the Mid-Atlantic coast by late this afternoon.
    Precipitation developing along the front will expand northeast and
    become heavy within a plume of PWs above +3 sigma. This will
    support primarily heavy rain as the column will be much too warm
    for any wintry p-types. However, the intense CAA along and
    immediately behind the front will drive tremendous ascent and
    rapidly cool the column, aided by dynamic cooling as precipitation
    falls from aloft. Cold air chasing moisture is rarely a setup that
    supports snowfall, especially after record high-temperatures from Tuesday/Wednesday. However, a potent jet streak will try to
    strengthen just as the cold front moves offshore, placing
    sufficient deep layer lift atop the front to potentially change
    precip over to heavy snow, aided by additional ascent downstream of
    the primary southern stream shortwave/PV anomaly opening into the
    Mid-Atlantic. This could support snowfall that could be heavy at
    times thanks to strong omega into the DGZ.

    The combination of intense lift into the DGZ at the same time as
    the column cools (with steep lapse rates below 850mb) could support
    a changeover to heavy snowfall, at least briefly, from northern NC
    through Long Island. The timing of the changeover (afternoon)
    combined with the antecedent hostile conditions (for snow
    accumulation) will limit most impacts. However, the high-res is in
    decent agreement that there will be a changeover to heavy snow with
    rates potentially exceeding 1"/hr at times. This will likely not
    materialize as 1"/hr accumulation, and any accumulations should be
    limited to grassy surfaces as reflected by WPC probabilities that
    are generally 10-30% for 1" of snow (higher in the higher terrain). However,
    a wide range in WSE plumes suggests the potential for some
    accumulation, especially along and east of I-95 or across the
    higher terrain of the Blue Ridge, which could impact travel for the
    evening commute as reflected by the WSSI-P supporting at least
    modest probabilities for minor impacts.


    ...Northern High Plains through the Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    ...Increasing confidence in a major winter storm this weekend...

    The next in a series of shortwaves embedded within rapid flow
    across the northern tier will move onshore the British Columbia
    coast Friday and then advect rapidly southeast while deepening. The
    core of this shortwave and its associated vorticity is expected to
    dive across the Northern Rockies Saturday night and then reach the
    central High Plains by Saturday night/Sunday morning. This
    deepening trough across the High Plains will move across a residual
    baroclinic gradient draped from the Northern Rockies into the
    Central Plains, to help drive surface cyclogenesis in the lee of
    the Rockies. This low is then likely to rapidly intensify as it
    tracks northeast into Sunday, aided by coupling of upper level jet
    streaks. Although there continues to be spread among the various
    ensemble clusters, there is high confidence in this low developing
    and reaching the Central Plains by the end of the forecast period.

    This low will develop within impressive moisture, both in response
    to persistent IVT spreading Pacific moisture onshore and across the
    West, but also in response to an expanding theta-e ridge emerging
    from the Gulf downstream of the amplifying trough axis. As this low
    deepens, it will wrap this moisture northward through intensifying
    isentropic ascent/WAA, leading to a large swath of heavy snow.

    This heavy snow may begin as early as Friday across the northern
    High Plains in response to impressive fgen driven both by the
    low-level front and 700mb WAA and the response to the peripheral
    RRQ of the zonally oriented jet streak aloft. It is this jet
    streak overlapping the strengthening 700mb WAA, as it moves
    eastward, which will allow snow to expand in a narrow corridor
    across the High Plains into the Upper Midwest through Saturday
    morning, and in some places there may be two rounds of moderate to
    heavy snow. However, the most significant snowfall is expected to
    begin Saturday night and then continue beyond this forecast period
    from the Northern Plains into the Great Lakes. While it remains a
    bit too early for specific forecast amounts, 2-day WPC
    probabilities for at least 8" of snow are above 70% across the High
    Plains of MT, and 30-70% for parts of SD and MN, and snowfall
    rates above 1"/hr appear probable due to a synoptic evolution that
    suggests impressive banding is likely.

    These snowfall rates combined with an intense pressure gradient due
    to a strong high positioned just to the northwest, will likely
    cause significant blowing and drifting of snowfall, along with
    limited visibility. WSSI-P is already projecting 70+% probability
    for at least moderate impacts (mostly on D4 into the Upper Midwest
    and Great Lakes) and this event could materialize as a blizzard in
    some areas with widespread substantial impacts from Saturday into
    early next week.


    Weiss



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 12 08:08:11 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 120807
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    407 AM EDT Thu Mar 12 2026

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 12 2026 - 12Z Sun Mar 15 2026

    ...Cascades Through The Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Washington Cascades Blizzard today...

    Active winter weather continues across the WA Cascades and northern
    Rockies through Friday night with heavy precip and high winds
    especially tonight.

    Atmospheric river (AR) plunging onshore WA/OR will continue with
    high probabilities (>90% chance) of exceeding 250 kg/m/s for IVT
    continuing into Friday. This AR has been persistent, and will
    maintain a westerly direction through landfall transporting
    moisture orthogonally into the WA/OR coasts. This prolonged AR will
    bring copious moisture onshore, with pronounced spillover reaching
    all the way to the Northern Rockies as reflected by still high
    probabilities (>90% chance) for IVT exceeding 250 kg/m/s today and
    tonight.

    This moisture will be wrung out as heavy precipitation through
    orographic enhancement into the Olympics, Cascades, and Northern
    Rockies, with additional heavy precipitation reaching the lower
    elevations through mid-level isentropic ascent due to WAA. However,
    a low pressure moving out of Alberta, Canada and into the Northern
    Plains by Thursday aftn will drape a cold front southward, with
    this front become elongated west to east causing some additional
    upslope and mesoscale ascent, while additionally creating a sharp=20
    gradient in snow levels. North of this front, snow levels will
    waver between 1500-2500 ft, creating significant impacts at many of
    the Cascades and Northern Rockies passes, especially during D1 when precipitation will be the heaviest. Farther south, snow levels will
    remain elevated as high as 6000-7000 ft in Oregon, resulting in far
    weaker winter related impacts through the period.

    The precipitation will likely be nearly continuous across the
    terrain, with only as low S/SE trend through Friday evening.
    However, by Saturday, the ascent should advect away to the east
    while the best moisture shunts to the southeast, bringing an end to
    wintry precipitation across the area. Before that happens, periods
    of heavy snow combined with strong winds will result in blizzard
    conditions across the Olympics, WA Cascades, and parts of the
    Northern Rockies near Glacier NP and the Lewis Range. With snow
    levels so low, travel across the passes will be extremely impacted
    as 1-2+"/hr snowfall combines with strong winds. Where this snow
    accumulates most robustly, WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for at
    least an additional 24", with locally 3-5 feet of snow expected in
    the Cascades and highest Northern Rockies elevations, leading to
    continued challenging travel across the passes.=20


    ...Great Lakes into the Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A fast moving, compact, but intense low pressure will race eastward
    near the United States/Canada border from this morning through
    Saturday morning, bringing a stripe of heavy snow and strong winds
    to parts of the area.

    This low will initially develop over the British Columbia province
    Wednesday evening, but being to deepen rapidly as it approaches
    North Dakota Thursday morning. This low will be driven by a potent
    shortwave emerging from the Canadian Rockies and then deepening
    into a closed low despite modest amplitude of the feature thanks to
    being embedded within pinched westerlies and fast mid-level flow.
    As this shortwave deepens, likely reaching peak amplitude 00Z/Fri -
    12Z/Fri, it will work in tandem with the LFQ of nearly zonal, but strengthening, jet streak, to produce rapid ventilation aloft to
    result in the surface low deepening quickly. This low is likely to
    track from western ND to eastern WI on Thursday, and then continue
    east, ejecting away from the Maine coast on Saturday morning.

    As this low progresses east, especially into the Great Lakes, it
    will interact with a moistening column thanks to residual IVT from
    an atmospheric river spreading eastward from the Pacific Northwest.
    PWs are progged to reach +2 sigma, with this moisture then being
    advected cyclonically into the low, reflected by a strengthening
    theta-e ridge /TROWAL/ lifting northward into the western Great
    Lakes. Impressive deep layer ascent will then couple with
    increasing isentropic ascent and 850-700mb fgen (in response to
    intensifying WAA) to produce an environment will support heavy snow
    rates for which the HREF suggests has a 70-90% chance of exceeding 1"/hr, especially along the Arrowhead and into the U.P. of MI. Although=20
    there is still some latitudinal uncertainty as to where the=20
    heaviest snow will occur, there is high confidence in a stripe of=20
    heavy accumulations from northern MN through northern WI, the U.P.
    of MI, and into the northern L.P. of MI. This is reflected by WPC
    probabilities that are high (>70%) for at least 6 inches from far
    northern MN into much of the U.P. and northern L.P. of MI, with=20
    locally more than 12 inches possible across the Iron Ranges of the=20 Arrowhead.

    Additionally, impacts will be considerable as these intense
    snowfall rates combine with gusty winds that may reach 30-50 mph to
    produce near blizzard conditions and dangerous travel. The WSSI-P
    indicates a 20-40% chance of at least moderate impacts across the
    Upper Midwest/Great Lakes, so the Thursday evening and Friday
    morning commutes will likely be extremely challenging.

    As this low skirts eastward on Friday into Saturday, it initially
    occludes over MI and then pivots rapidly into New England Friday
    night. During this time, the most significant ascent beings to wane
    as the upper low opens and the best synoptic ascent no longer
    overlaps within the LFQ of the accompanying jet streak. Impressive
    WAA at 850mb will surge northeast from the Mid-Atlantic states into
    the Northeast, helping to expand precipitation further despite a
    reduction in available PW (compared to areas farther west). This
    will likely still result in a swath of moderate snowfall from
    Upstate NY through coastal ME, with again some continued
    uncertainty into the latitudinal placement of the heaviest amounts.
    The heaviest snow is likely in the upslope regions of the
    Adirondacks D2 where WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for at least
    6 inches, including across the Tug Hill Plateau, with lesser, but
    still significant snowfall of 2-4" expected in the higher terrain
    of the Green and White Mountains.


    ...Central Appalachians & I-95 Corridor...=20
    Day 1...

    A tricky forecast for snowfall will develop from the Central
    Appalachians into the Mid-Atlantic states today. A powerful cold
    front will race eastward from the Ohio Valley/Central Appalachians
    tonight, to exit the Mid-Atlantic coast by late this afternoon.
    Precipitation developing along the front will expand northeast and
    become heavy within a plume of PWs above +3 sigma. This will
    support primarily heavy rain as the column will be much too warm
    for any wintry p-types. However, the intense CAA along and
    immediately behind the front will drive tremendous ascent and
    rapidly cool the column, aided by dynamic cooling as precipitation
    falls from aloft. Cold air chasing moisture is rarely a setup that
    supports snowfall, especially after record high-temperatures from Tuesday/Wednesday. However, a potent jet streak will try to
    strengthen just as the cold front moves offshore, placing
    sufficient deep layer lift atop the front to potentially change
    precip over to heavy snow, aided by additional ascent downstream of
    the primary southern stream shortwave/PV anomaly opening into the
    Mid-Atlantic. This could support snowfall that could be heavy at=20
    times thanks to strong omega into the DGZ.=20

    The combination of intense lift into the DGZ at the same time as=20
    the column cools (with steep lapse rates below 850mb) could support
    a changeover to heavy snowfall, at least briefly, from northern NC
    through Long Island. The timing of the changeover (afternoon)
    combined with the antecedent hostile conditions (for snow
    accumulation) will limit most impacts. However, the high-res is in
    decent agreement that there will be a changeover to heavy snow with
    rates potentially exceeding 1"/hr at times. This will likely not
    materialize as 1"/hr accumulation, and any accumulations should be
    limited to grassy surfaces as reflected by WPC probabilities that
    are generally 10-30% for 1" of snow (higher in the higher terrain). However,
    a wide range in WSE plumes suggests the potential for some=20
    accumulation, especially along and east of I-95 or across the=20
    higher terrain of the Blue Ridge, which could impact travel for the
    evening commute as reflected by the WSSI-P supporting at least=20
    modest probabilities for minor impacts.


    ...Northern High Plains through the Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    ...Increasing confidence in a major winter storm this weekend...

    The next in a series of shortwaves embedded within rapid flow
    across the northern tier will move onshore the British Columbia
    coast Friday and then advect rapidly southeast while deepening. The
    core of this shortwave and its associated vorticity is expected to
    dive across the Northern Rockies Saturday night and then reach the
    central High Plains by Saturday night/Sunday morning. This
    deepening trough across the High Plains will move across a residual
    baroclinic gradient draped from the Northern Rockies into the
    Central Plains, to help drive surface cyclogenesis in the lee of
    the Rockies. This low is then likely to rapidly intensify as it=20
    tracks northeast into Sunday, aided by coupling of upper level jet
    streaks. Although there continues to be spread among the various
    ensemble clusters, there is high confidence in this low developing
    and reaching the Central Plains by the end of the forecast period.

    This low will develop within impressive moisture, both in response
    to persistent IVT spreading Pacific moisture onshore and across the
    West, but also in response to an expanding theta-e ridge emerging
    from the Gulf downstream of the amplifying trough axis. As this low
    deepens, it will wrap this moisture northward through intensifying
    isentropic ascent/WAA, leading to a large swath of heavy snow.=20

    This heavy snow may begin as early as Friday across the northern=20
    High Plains in response to impressive fgen driven both by the
    low-level front and 700mb WAA and the response to the peripheral=20
    RRQ of the zonally oriented jet streak aloft. It is this jet
    streak overlapping the strengthening 700mb WAA, as it moves=20
    eastward, which will allow snow to expand in a narrow corridor=20
    across the High Plains into the Upper Midwest through Saturday
    morning, and in some places there may be two rounds of moderate to
    heavy snow. However, the most significant snowfall is expected to
    begin Saturday night and then continue beyond this forecast period
    from the Northern Plains into the Great Lakes. While it remains a
    bit too early for specific forecast amounts, 2-day WPC
    probabilities for at least 8" of snow are above 70% across the High
    Plains of MT, and 30-70% for parts of SD and MN, and snowfall=20
    rates above 1"/hr appear probable due to a synoptic evolution that=20
    suggests impressive banding is likely.

    These snowfall rates combined with an intense pressure gradient due
    to a strong high positioned just to the northwest, will likely
    cause significant blowing and drifting of snowfall, along with
    limited visibility. WSSI-P is already projecting 70+% probability=20
    for at least moderate impacts (mostly on D4 into the Upper Midwest=20
    and Great Lakes) and this event could materialize as a blizzard in=20
    some areas with widespread substantial impacts from Saturday into=20
    early next week.

    Winter storm key messages have been initiated for this event, and
    are linked below (Key Message 1).


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_l7_SIF4iMRgLCJLePHWPudv8GP3NFvmHymMtUBheLFyN= D3L4Bl8L4e3qb_iwLvBLK4Meuj_FIJYeuSYOFj4hqjZXiA$=20



    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 13 07:29:46 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 130729
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    329 AM EDT Fri Mar 13 2026

    Valid 12Z Fri Mar 13 2026 - 12Z Mon Mar 16 2026

    ...Cascades Through The Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Washington Cascades Major Winter Storm continues today...

    Impressive atmospheric river (AR) continues one more day with a
    plume of IVT with high probabilities (>90%) for exceeding 500
    kg/m/s continuing to advect onshore around 45N near the WA/OR
    border. This AR has been ongoing for more than a day already, and
    will continue one more day before finally sinking southward Friday
    aftn. This prolonged fetch of IVT will cause significant spillover
    into the Northern Rockies as well as reflected by still significant probabilities for IVT exceeding 250 kg/m/s, so while the most
    intense snowfall will continue across the Olympics and Cascades,
    the Northern Rockies will also experience heavy snow for at least
    one more day.

    The nearly zonal direction of this AR will result in exceptional
    orographic enhancement as it directs nearly orthogonally into the
    Olympics and Cascades, with additional large scale ascent being
    produced via isentropic ascent on the WAA within the AR plume and
    modest LFQ diffluence as the Pacific jet streak sinks southward. At
    the surface, a stationary front will waver in a west-to-east
    fashion through tonight before finally sinking southward as a cold
    front in response to a shortwave digging out of British Columbia.
    This shortwave will also be responsible for weakening and shifting
    the narrowing IVT plume southward, with the West-WRF indicating IVT
    falling below 250 kg/m/s into northern CA by Saturday morning.

    There is high confidence in heavy snow continuing today and tonight
    before precipitation slowly wanes on Saturday with much lighter
    snow. The more challenging aspect is what will happen with snow
    levels across the region. There will be a very sharp gradient in
    snow levels from north to south, with the surface front acting as a
    demarcation between very low snow levels in the WA Cascades
    (1000-2000 ft) and much higher across OR (6000-7000 ft). As the
    front digs south in conjunction with the shortwave, snow levels
    will crash across OR as well, but with much lighter precipitation
    during that transition. This suggests that the heaviest snow (and
    most notable impacts) will be across the WA Cascades and Olympics,
    with considerable impacts also expected in the Northern Rockies,
    and lesser snowfall and impacts expected across the OR Cascades.

    This is reflected by WPC probabilities that are high (>70%) for at
    least an additional 12 inches in the WA Cascades and parts of the=20
    Northern Rockies. At least 4 inches of additional snowfall D1 is=20
    expected (>70%) in the Blue Mountains, the higher elevations of NW=20
    WY near Yellowstone NP, and the Sawtooth/Salmon River ranges. BY
    D2, snowfall persisting across the Cascades wanes rapidly leaving
    just light additional accumulations, but heavy snow will continue
    across the Wind Rivers, Absarokas, Tetons, Big Horns, and other
    neighboring terrain where WPC probabilities predict a high risk
    70%) for 8+ inches of snow.


    ...Great Lakes into the Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Intense but compact low pressure will cross the Great Lakes today
    bringing blizzard, and near-blizzard conditions, to many areas.
    This low is being driven by a potent shortwave which is progged to
    briefly close off near the MN Arrowhead tonight (pre-forecast
    period) and then slowly open as it pivots eastward on Friday. This
    will result in the occlusion of the accompanying surface low over
    MI, leading to a brief slowing of the low before it then picks up
    speed and races east into New England Saturday before exiting into
    the Canadian Maritimes.

    This event will be considerable for the Great Lakes. The
    combination of the deep surface low, impressive upper shortwave,
    and the LFQ of zonally oriented jet streak arcing from the Pacific
    Northwest will drive intense deep layer lift. Within this region of
    deep layer omega, impressive mesoscale ascent will aid through fgen
    thanks to WAA lifting into a TROWAL, and a deformation axis which
    will pivot N/NW of the surface low. Additionally, low-level flow
    across Lake Superior from the east will lift orographically into
    the Arrowhead/Iron Ranges bringing locally even heavier snow.

    The setup is favorable for intense snowfall rates, despite SLRs
    that may become fractured due to strong winds leading to blizzard
    and near-blizzard conditions. The snow character may be drastically
    different in some places too, with WAA leading to a heavier-wet
    snow across the L.P. of MI, and more near-climo or fluffier/lighter
    snow across the U.P. and into the Arrowhead. Regardless, the HREF
    probabilities for 1"/hr snowfall reach above 70-80% in many areas,
    with 2+"/hr snowfall rates possible at times thanks to CSI. Where
    this snow is most intense and lingers the longest on D1, WPC
    probabilities predict a high chance (>70%) of at least 6 inches
    (after 12Z this morning) for the Huron Mountains of the U.P. as
    well as near the Tip of the Mitt, with lighter accumulations
    surrounding these areas.

    As the low continues to pivot eastward late D1 into D2, a=20
    resurgence of WAA will expand precipitation into New England, and a
    secondary low may develop near the coast of ME Saturday morning.
    Total forcing for ascent and available moisture will likely be less
    than areas upstream (in the Great Lakes), but periods of heavy snow
    both within WAA and along an inverted trough/occluded front
    upstream from the secondary low pressure will result in areas of
    heavy snowfall with rates again potentially reaching 1"/hr. WPC
    probabilities across the Northeast are as high as 90% for 4+ inches
    in the Tug Hill and southern Adirondacks, with probabilities
    reaching 50-70% for the Chautauqua Ridge, and parts of the higher
    terrain of VT/NH/ME. A local maxima is also possible along the
    coast of ME where onshore flow ahead of the secondary low pressure
    advects higher moisture onshore.


    ...Northern High Plains through the Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Blizzard likely this weekend with widespread major impacts and
    potentially record-breaking snowfall for the Upper Midwest and=20
    Great Lakes...

    Guidance is consolidating around a rapidly strengthening low which
    will develop in the lee of the Rockies Saturday night and then
    track northeast through Monday before occluding and then exiting
    after the forecast period. While the primary low is going to be the
    one that brings the most substantial impacts, this system will, in
    reality, driven by two distinct surface lows embedded within the
    amplifying mid-level pattern and accompanying coupled jet streaks.

    The event really begins today across the High Plains as moisture
    streaming onshore within an impressive IVT plume (atmospheric
    river) continues to push well inland leading to a surge in
    PW/column moisture across Montana. The accompanying upper jet
    streak arcing zonally across the region working in tandem with a
    surface stationary front will cause snowfall to break out and
    spread WNW to ESE across the state. Overall ascent during D1 across
    this area appears modest as noted by omega fields and regional
    soundings, but the impressive PW anomalies (nearing +2 sigma) will
    support periods of moderate snowfall from MT through parts of SD.
    The heaviest accumulations are likely in the higher terrain, with
    otherwise modest accumulations expected D1. Where the heaviest snow
    occurs, generally just east of the Continental Divide, WPC
    probabilities are high (>70%) for at least 4 inches of snow for
    much of central and southern MT, with locally more than 8 inches
    possible in the Little Belt range.

    The more significant portion of this event begins Saturday /D2/ as
    lee cyclogenesis begins in more impressive fashion east of CO/WY. A
    shortwave digging onshore the British Columbia coast Friday night
    will begin to amplify as it digs into the Central Rockies Saturday
    night. The rapid amplification of this shortwave will drive
    impressive height falls downstream, with impressive jet streak
    intensification occurring as a result. The overlap of height falls
    with this jet development will lead to a rapidly deepening surface
    low tracking from CO to IA before 12Z Sunday. As the jet begins to
    kink southward, it will continue to produce heavy snow, with an
    expansion across MT due to mid-level divergence downstream of the=20 approaching shortwave. At this time the snowfall rates should
    become more intense through 00Z/Sun across MT, with additional
    snowfall of 4+ inches possible (50-70%) for much of the eastern
    half of the state.

    After 00Z Sunday is when this event truly becomes a major winter
    event with widespread considerable impacts. As the surface low
    begins to lift northeast from the Central Plains it will encounter
    dual moisture streams, one from the decaying AR pushing east, and=20
    a second as the theta-e ridge begins to arc northward on=20
    intensifying WAA/southerly flow out of the Gulf. The overlap of=20
    robust deep layer ascent with maximizing moisture return will=20
    deepen the low substantially, and help expand a considerable=20
    precipitation shield, with heavy snow arcing from SD through the=20
    Great Lakes by the end of D2, and then slowly pivoting northeast=20
    while continuing through D3 as the surface low reaches MI by=20
    12Z/Monday.

    The synoptic setup is extremely favorable for a classic Midwest
    winter storm with widespread intense snowfall. Embedded bands=20
    with snowfall rates of 1-3"/hr are expected as reflected by high=20
    potential for CSI and even CI in model cross-sections Sunday aftn=20
    into Monday which drives intense omega into the TROWAL. Although=20
    guidance has trended slightly north tonight, there is high=20
    confidence in a laterally translating band of heavy snow from SD=20
    into MN Sunday morning, with the environment transiting into one
    that matches the conceptual model for a pivoting band over eastern
    MN and WI Sunday evening into Monday, It is in this area where the
    heaviest snowfall is expected, and potentially record, or near-
    record 2-day snowfall is possible from eastern MN through WI and
    northern MI. Elsewhere, snowfall rates of 1"/hr or more are still=20
    likely at times, just with lesser duration. These snowfall rates=20
    combined with gusty winds reaching 50 mph will create blizzard and near-blizzard conditions, with major to extreme impacts progged by
    the recent WSSI-P. Even in areas that get lower snow totals, the=20
    blowing snow potential will still result in difficult travel, and=20
    it is likely that most forms of transportation will be treacherous
    at best, and impossible at worst, through the event across a large
    area.

    2-day WPC probabilities ending 12Z Monday are impressive, and
    suggest a high likelihood (>70%) for at least 12 inches from the
    Buffalo Ridge eastward through the Twin Cities, across much of WI,
    and through all of the U.P. of MI. Within this axis, WPC
    probabilities for at least 24" are already above 50%, and some
    locations may approach 3 feet before the event winds down Tuesday.
    Outside of this axis of heaviest snow, a broad swath of at least 6
    inches is likely (>70%) from far western SD through central IA and
    northeast into central MI.=20

    Finally, on the S/SE side of this snowfall swath, an axis of mixed precipitation is likely, leading to icing accretion from central IA
    through southeast WI and into lower MI. The most significant icing
    is expected for lower MI where WPC probabilities for at least 0.25"
    of ice reach as high as 30-50%.

    This storm could result in record snowfall in some places, and=20
    with SLRs being slightly below climo, combined with the strong=20
    winds, power outages and long-lasting impacts are expected. For=20
    these reasons, Winter storm key messages are in effect, and are=20
    linked below (Key Message 1).


    Weiss


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4CUm3VHbp2eO8zz-iqQs-CRbN5QXMmbP5hCf54RPoQaUg= 2fX7_B0T69JzXePtJCSfYDZOvjQXHU45DO1_ExR7dKcoiw$=20



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 13 18:21:23 2026
    FOUS11 KWBC 131821
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    221 PM EDT Fri Mar 13 2026

    Valid 12Z Fri Mar 13 2026 - 12Z Mon Mar 16 2026

    ...Northern High Plains through the Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Blizzard likely this weekend with widespread major impacts and record-breaking snowfall for portions of the Upper Midwest and=20
    Great Lakes...

    Guidance is consolidating around a rapidly strengthening low which
    will develop in the lee of the Rockies Saturday and then track=20
    east through Sunday to the Mississippi Valley, then turn northeast=20
    Monday before occluding and then exiting. While the primary low is
    going to be the one that brings the most substantial impacts, this
    system will, in reality, driven by two distinct surface lows=20
    embedded within the amplifying mid-level pattern and accompanying=20
    coupled jet streaks.

    The event really has already begun across the High Plains of
    Montana as moisture streaming onshore within an impressive IVT=20
    plume (atmospheric river) continues to push well inland leading to=20
    a surge in PW/column moisture across the northern Plains. The=20
    accompanying upper jet streak arcing zonally across the region=20
    working in tandem with a surface stationary front will cause=20
    snowfall to continue to spread ESE-ward. Overall ascent during D1=20
    across this area appears modest as noted by omega fields and=20
    regional soundings, but the impressive PW anomalies (nearing +2=20
    sigma) will support periods of moderate snowfall from MT through=20
    parts of SD. The heaviest accumulations are likely in the higher=20
    terrain, with otherwise modest accumulations expected D1. Where the
    heaviest snow occurs, generally just east of the Continental=20
    Divide, WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for at least 4 inches of=20
    snow for much of central and southern MT, with locally more than 8=20
    inches possible in the Little Belt range.

    The more significant portion of this event begins Saturday as lee=20 cyclogenesis begins in more impressive fashion east of CO/WY. A=20
    shortwave digging onshore the British Columbia coast tonight will=20
    begin to amplify as it digs into the Central Rockies Saturday=20
    night. The rapid amplification of this shortwave will drive=20
    impressive height falls downstream, with impressive jet streak=20 intensification occurring as a result. The overlap of height falls=20
    with this jet development will lead to a rapidly deepening surface=20
    low tracking from CO to IA before 12Z Sunday. As the jet begins to=20
    kink southward, it will continue to produce heavy snow, with an=20
    expansion across MT due to mid-level divergence downstream of the=20 approaching shortwave. At this time the snowfall rates should=20
    become more intense through 00Z/Sun across MT, with additional=20
    snowfall of 4+ inches possible (50-70%) for much of the eastern=20
    half of the state.

    After 00Z Sunday is when this event truly becomes a major winter
    event with widespread considerable impacts. As the surface low
    continues east from the Central Plains it will encounter dual=20
    moisture streams, one from the decaying AR pushing east, and a=20
    second as the theta-e ridge begins to arc northward on intensifying WAA/southerly flow out of the Gulf. The overlap of robust deep=20
    layer ascent with maximizing moisture return will deepen the low=20 substantially, and help expand a considerable precipitation shield,
    with heavy snow arcing from SD through the Great Lakes by Sunday
    morning, and then slowly pivoting northeast while continuing=20
    through D3 as the surface low moves into Ontario by 00Z/Tuesday.

    The synoptic setup is extremely favorable for a classic Midwest
    winter storm with widespread intense snowfall. Embedded bands=20
    with snowfall rates of 1-3"/hr are expected as reflected by high=20
    potential for CSI and even CI in model cross-sections Sunday aftn=20
    into Monday which drives intense omega into the TROWAL. Although=20
    guidance has trended north, there is high confidence in a=20
    laterally translating band of heavy snow from SD into MN Sunday=20
    morning, with the environment transiting into one that matches the=20 conceptual model for a pivoting band over eastern MN and WI Sunday=20
    evening into Monday, It is in this area where the heaviest snowfall
    is expected, and potentially record, or near- record 2-day=20
    snowfall is possible from eastern MN through WI and northern MI.=20
    Elsewhere, snowfall rates of 1"/hr or more are still likely at=20
    times, just with lesser duration. These snowfall rates combined=20
    with gusty winds reaching up to 60 mph will create blizzard and=20
    near- blizzard conditions and whiteouts, with major to extreme=20
    impacts progged by the recent WSSI-P. Even in areas that get lower=20
    snow totals, the blowing snow potential will still result in=20
    difficult travel, and it is likely that most forms of=20
    transportation will be treacherous at best, and impossible at=20
    worst, through the event across a large area from Montana to
    Michigan, and everywhere in between.

    2-day WPC probabilities ending 12Z Monday are impressive, and
    suggest a high likelihood (>70%) for at least 12 inches from the
    Buffalo Ridge eastward through the Twin Cities, across much of WI,
    and through all of the U.P. of MI. Within this axis, WPC
    probabilities for at least 24" are already above 50%, and some
    locations may approach 3 feet before the event winds down Tuesday.
    Outside of this axis of heaviest snow, a broad swath of at least 6
    inches is likely (>70%) from far western SD through central IA and
    northeast into central MI. Similarly impressive, the 07Z NBM 5%
    probabilities (meaning a 95% chance of seeing more), show amounts
    over a foot from Central Wisconsin around Wausau east to north of
    Green Bay, along the north shore of Lake Michigan over to the=20
    Straits of Mackinac.

    Finally, on the S/SE side of this snowfall swath, an axis of mixed precipitation is likely, leading to icing accretion from central IA
    through southeast WI and into lower MI. The most significant icing
    is expected for lower MI where WPC probabilities for at least 0.25"
    of ice are between 30-50%.

    This storm could result in record snowfall in some places, and=20
    with SLRs being slightly below climo, combined with the strong=20
    winds, power outages and long-lasting impacts are expected. For=20
    these reasons, Winter storm key messages are in effect, and are=20
    linked below (Key Message 1).


    ...Cascades Through The Northern Rockies...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Washington Cascades Major Winter Storm continues today...

    An atmospheric river (AR) will wane tonight as an area of IVT with
    around 500 kg/m/s continues to advect inland into the Pacific
    Northwest and weakens. This AR will sink south into Oregon and
    weaken overnight. Associated moisture already inland over the=20
    Northern Rockies will continue the heavy snow into tonight,
    tapering off from west to east.

    There is high confidence in heavy snow tonight across the Northern
    Rockies before precipitation wanes on Saturday with much lighter=20
    snow. The more challenging aspect is what will happen with snow=20
    levels across the region. As a surface cold front digs south in=20
    conjunction with an upper level shortwave, snow levels will crash=20
    across the Oregon Cascades and Idaho Panhandle, but with much=20
    lighter precipitation during that transition in Oregon. In Idaho
    and points south and east, the moisture will be slower to exit (as
    there will be more of it as remnants of the A.R. This suggests=20
    that considerable impacts will continue at the higher elevations of
    the Northern Rockies, with lesser snowfall and impacts expected=20
    across the Oregon Cascades.

    This is reflected by WPC probabilities that show at least 4 inches
    of additional snowfall D1 in the Blue Mountains, the Bitterroots,=20
    the higher elevations of NW WY near Yellowstone NP, and the=20
    Sawtooth/Salmon River ranges. By Saturday, snowfall persisting=20
    across the Cascades wanes rapidly leaving just light additional=20 accumulations, but heavy snow will continue across the Wind Rivers,
    Absarokas, Tetons, Big Horns, and other neighboring terrain where=20
    WPC probabilities predict a high risk (>70%) for 8+ inches of snow.


    ...Great Lakes into the Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Intense but compact low pressure will continue crossing the Great=20
    Lakes into the Northeast tonight and Saturday, bringing blizzard=20
    and near-blizzard conditions to many areas. This low is being=20
    driven by a potent but progressive shortwave which is progged to=20
    continue driving northeast off the coast of Maine by Saturday
    afternoon. The accompanying surface low over MI will picks up=20
    speed and race east into New England Saturday before exiting into=20
    the Canadian Maritimes.

    As the low moves into the Northeast tonight, resurgence of WAA=20
    will expand precipitation into New England, and a secondary low may
    develop near the coast of ME Saturday morning. Total forcing for=20
    ascent and available moisture will likely be less than areas=20
    upstream (in the Great Lakes), but periods of heavy snow both=20
    within WAA and along an inverted trough/occluded front upstream=20
    from the secondary low pressure will result in areas of heavy=20
    snowfall with rates again potentially reaching 1"/hr. WPC=20
    probabilities across the Northeast are as high as 80% for 4+ inches
    in the Tug Hill and southern Adirondacks, with probabilities=20
    reaching 40-60% for the Chautauqua Ridge, and parts of the higher=20
    terrain of VT/NH/ME. A local maxima is also possible along the=20
    coast and interior mountains of ME where onshore flow ahead of the
    secondary low pressure advects higher moisture onshore.

    Wegman/Weiss


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect for the blizzard into
    the upper Midwest and Great Lakes this weekend through Monday.=20
    Please see current Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_NSB2DTD1F6imMymt-Wtj7XgWd7Pbh0hsQzO2XVi3KNqk= 7rI7-GBiAMUd83G1GtCUJp3CRKMXwQzEqolYjJXAQXfpe4$=20



    $$

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