• DAY2SVR: Nws Storm Prediction Center Norman Ok

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 14 17:27:07 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 141727
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 141725

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1225 PM CDT Sun Sep 14 2025

    Valid 151200Z - 161200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe thunderstorm potential appears generally low on
    Monday.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper-level trough will pivot northeastward through Minnesota
    early in the period. To the West, another shortwave trough will move
    into the Northern Rockies. A weak surface trough will exist in the central/northern Plains.

    ...Upper Mississippi Valley southward into the Ozarks...
    Current guidance continues to suggest that the shortwave trough
    moving northeastward through Minnesota will not be well phased with
    the greatest surface heating. However, the ECMWF remains slower than
    other guidance in this regard. Greater buoyancy will more likely
    develop from central Minnesota/western Wisconsin southward into the
    Ozarks. However, these areas will be increasingly removed from the
    departing mid-level ascent and stronger wind shear. Occasionally
    strong storms are possible during the afternoon within the pockets
    of greater buoyancy, but the a large scale pattern suggests these
    storms will be quite isolated and brief.

    ...Central into Northern High Plains...
    Widely scattered to scattered convection is possible from central
    Wyoming into portion of the High Plains to the east. Cloud cover
    associated with the upper trough to the west and limited low-level
    moisture will limit the intensity of this activity. Even so, steep
    mid-level lapse rates and pockets of steeper low-level lapse rates
    could support stronger wind gusts.

    ...North Carolina Tidewater...
    An offshore surface low will move inland late Monday into Tuesday
    morning. While low-level shear will be enhanced,
    precipitation/clouds trough the day/evening should keep buoyancy
    inland limited. Confidence in a low-end severe threat remains very
    low.

    ..Wendt.. 09/14/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 15 05:38:13 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 150538
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 150536

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1236 AM CDT Mon Sep 15 2025

    Valid 161200Z - 171200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE CENTRAL PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms are possible on Tuesday
    across portions of the central Plains.

    ...Central/Southern Plains...

    A positively tilted upper shortwave trough will slowly develop east
    from the northern Great Basin/northern Rockies to the
    northern/central High Plains on Tuesday. Deep-layer flow is expected
    to remain fairly weak, limiting stronger vertical shear. At the
    surface, a weak cold front will extend from northern MN into
    western/central NE by 00z. A secondary weak surface trough will
    extend southward across eastern CO into the southern High Plains.
    Ahead of these surface features, upper 50s to mid 60s F dewpoints
    will be in place beneath a plume of steep midlevel lapse rates. This
    will allow for moderate destabilization across a mostly uncapped
    warm sector.

    Large-scale ascent associated with the approaching upper trough will
    likely be ill-timed with peak heating, and may not arrive across the
    region until after 00z. Nevertheless, low-level frontal convergence
    may support isolated to scattered thunderstorm development near the
    surface cold front by late afternoon. Given boundary-parallel
    deep-layer flow, this activity may quickly become elevated/undercut
    by the surface front. Nevertheless, sufficient instability, steep
    low-level lapse rates and at least modest effective shear (less than
    25 kt) should support an isolated/marginal severe wind/hail risk
    from portions of northeast CO/northwest KS into western/central NE
    and south-central SD through the evening.

    Additional storms may develop near the weak surface trough from
    southeastern CO/eastern NM and spread east into adjacent portions of
    southwest KS and the OK/TX Panhandles. Instability and shear are
    expected to be very modest across these areas. However, a deeply
    mixed boundary layer/steep low-level lapse rates could support
    locally gusty winds with this activity.

    ...NC/VA Tidewater...

    A coastal low will be located near the Outer Banks Tuesday morning.
    Low-level flow will be enhanced near/north of the low center, with
    some weak instability near the coast. Locally strong gusts may
    accompany showers and thunderstorms for a few hours during the
    morning. As the low drifts north through the day, more substantial
    instability is expected to remain offshore.

    ..Leitman.. 09/15/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 15 17:26:44 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 151726
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 151724

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1224 PM CDT Mon Sep 15 2025

    Valid 161200Z - 171200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE CENTRAL PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms are possible on Tuesday
    across portions of the central Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    A positively tilted trough will move through the northern Great
    Basin and eventually reach the High Plains by early Wednesday
    morning. A weak surface trough/cold front will be positioned from
    northern Minnesota southwestward into the central High Plains.
    Another weak surface trough will extend farther south into the
    southern High Plains. Off the Mid-Atlantic Coast, a weak surface low
    will slowly shift north and weaken with time.

    ...Central Plains...
    With the mid-level ascent from the approaching trough not arriving
    until late afternoon/evening, it is not clear how much storm
    development will occur prior to 00Z. Recent CAM guidance does
    suggest that convergence along the surface trough/front may be
    sufficient for late afternoon storms. The strongest shear will
    likely remain behind the boundary. Upper 50s to mid 60s F dewpoints
    will promote around 2000-3000 J/kg MLCAPE. Storms that do develop
    will not likely remain discrete for very long given boundary
    parallel shear. Isolated severe gusts and large hail will be the
    main hazards. Storms should generally weaken during the evening and
    beyond given a weak low-level jet response.

    ...Southern Plains...
    While greater surface heating is expected to occur in this region,
    limited low-level moisture will keep overall buoyancy modest. Shear
    will also be rather modest during the afternoon. A cluster or two of
    storms could develop in the High Plains and move eastward, possibly
    producing locally gusty winds.

    ...Upper Mississippi Valley...
    There is a weak signal within guidance for evening/overnight storm
    development along the cold front. Convergence along the boundary
    will only marginally increase after dark. Forcing for ascent will
    also be weak and late-arriving. Steep lapse rates could promote a
    stronger storm or two with an attendant hail risk. However, with
    stronger shear behind the boundary and highly uncertain initiation, probabilities do not appear warranted.

    ...North Carolina/Virginia Tidewater...
    A weak offshore low will mostly remain offshore. The low will be
    gradually weakening, particularly by the afternoon. Low-level flow
    enhancement around the low may promote some increased risk for gusty
    winds with convection, but limited onshore progression of greater
    buoyancy along with rain/clouds will likely prohibit any greater
    threat for damaging gusts.

    ..Wendt.. 09/15/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 16 05:44:19 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 160544
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 160542

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1242 AM CDT Tue Sep 16 2025

    Valid 171200Z - 181200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorm potential is expected to remain limited on
    Wednesday.

    ...Central/Southern High Plains Vicinity...

    An upper trough will overspread the northern Plains to the southern
    High Plains. With time, an upper low is forecast to develop within
    the broader troughing regime over the northern High Plains vicinity.
    Deep-layer flow will generally be weak, limiting vertical shear.
    However, a surface front is forecast to be oriented from far
    southeast CO/northeast NM eastward along the KS/OK border.
    East/southeasterly low-level flow near the boundary could enhanced
    vertical shear locally, with effective shear values up to 25-30 kt
    possible by late afternoon/evening. Boundary layer moisture will be
    modest, in the 50s to low 60s F from the Raton Mesa vicinity into
    southwest KS and the OK/TX Panhandles. Nevertheless, steep midlevel
    lapse rates and cool temperatures aloft will support MLCAPE of
    1000-2000 J/kg. Isolated thunderstorms are expected to develop by
    late afternoon in the upslope flow regime. The strongest storms
    could produce sub-severe hail and gusty winds across southeast
    CO/northeast NM, southwest KS and portions of the OK/TX Panhandles.


    ...Northern OK into MN/WI...

    A seasonally moist airmass will be in place to the east of a surface
    boundary extending from eastern SD into central/southwest KS by late
    afternoon. Rounds of showers and thunderstorms are possible, and may
    be ongoing across parts of the region Wednesday morning. This
    activity and associated cloud cover cast doubt on where stronger destabilization will occur through peak heating. Furthermore,
    vertical shear is expected to remain weak, and lapse rates will be
    poor, especially with northward extent. A strong storm or two will
    be possible where stronger destabilization occurs, but overall
    severe potential is expected to remain limited.

    ..Leitman.. 09/16/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 16 17:23:24 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 161723
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 161721

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1221 PM CDT Tue Sep 16 2025

    Valid 171200Z - 181200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR THE
    SOUTH-CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible Wednesday over southeast
    Colorado and northeast New Mexico during the late afternoon and
    evening.

    ...High Plains in lee of the Sangre de Cristos...
    A mid- to upper-level low/trough centered over the north-central
    Rockies and adjacent plains, will feature a few embedded mid-level
    vorticity maxima rotating through the larger-scale trough. The
    primary disturbance of interest will slowly migrate eastward from
    northeast CO into central NE during the period. A belt of moderate
    mid- to high-level westerly flow (i.e., 20-30 kt at 500 mb) will
    move through the base of the trough across southern CO. In the low
    levels, a front will become draped from the mid MO Valley
    south-southwest into the KS-CO-OK-TX-NM border region.
    Southeasterly moist post-frontal upslope flow will aid in a moist
    airmass over southeast CO on Wednesday.

    Steep 700-500 mb lapse rates around 7.5 to 8 deg C/km coupled with
    diurnal heating on the east-facing slopes, will result in moderate
    buoyancy by mid afternoon near the I-25 corridor over far northeast
    NM into southeast CO. Isolated to scattered thunderstorms
    developing initially over the higher terrain will move east into the
    high plains/escarpment and gradually mature/strengthen. Forecast
    soundings show 30-45 kt effective shear and elongated hodographs due
    to 75-kt 200-mb westerly flow. The magnitude of shear and
    appreciable buoyancy will probably favor an isolated risk for large
    hail and severe gusts with the stronger storms during the late
    afternoon/early evening.

    ...Northern OK into MN/WI...
    A seasonally moist airmass will be in place to the east of a surface
    boundary extending from eastern SD into central/southwest KS by late
    afternoon. Rounds of showers and thunderstorms are possible, and may
    be ongoing across parts of the region Wednesday morning. This
    activity and associated cloud cover cast doubt on where stronger destabilization will occur through peak heating. Furthermore,
    vertical shear is expected to remain weak, and lapse rates will be
    poor, especially with northward extent. A strong storm or two will
    be possible where stronger destabilization occurs, but overall
    severe potential is expected to remain limited.

    ..Smith.. 09/16/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 17 05:35:26 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 170535
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 170533

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1233 AM CDT Wed Sep 17 2025

    Valid 181200Z - 191200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are not forecast on Thursday.

    ...Synopsis...

    An upper low will persist over the northern Plains while an
    attendant shortwave trough moves across the central Plains toward
    the Mid/Lower MO Valley vicinity on Thursday. At the surface, weak
    low pressure will be in place across eastern portions of the Plains
    into the MO/MS Valley vicinity. Upper 50s to mid-60s F dewpoints
    will persist across the eastern Plains to the Ozarks and northern
    into parts of the Upper Midwest. This will support pockets of weak
    to moderate destabilization, particularly across eastern OK/KS into
    the Ozarks, and northward into IA. Scattered diurnal thunderstorm
    activity will develop within this modest moisture and instability.
    However, nebulous forcing for ascent, weak vertical shear, and
    generally poor lapse rates will preclude organized severe potential.

    ..Leitman.. 09/17/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 17 17:32:20 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 171732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 171730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Wed Sep 17 2025

    Valid 181200Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM CENTRAL IA
    INTO WESTERN MO...EASTERN KS...NORTHWEST AR...OK...AND THE SOUTHEAST
    TX PANHANDLE...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to locally severe storms are possible from parts of the
    Midwest into the east-central and southern Plains on Thursday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Little change to the overall pattern is expected on Thursday, with
    a mid/upper-level trough expected to persist over the
    northern/central Plains. Within the broader trough, distinct
    mid/upper-level lows initially over northeast MT and central SD may
    begin to consolidate by Thursday night, as a convectively enhanced
    midlevel shortwave moves through the base of the trough from the
    central Plains into the lower MO Valley vicinity. Farther west, a mid/upper-level trough related to the remnants of Tropical Cyclone
    Mario will move across parts of southern/central CA through the
    period.

    ...Parts of the east-central and southern Plains into the Ozarks and
    Upper Midwest...
    A weak surface low is forecast to move eastward across eastern SD on
    Thursday. A weak surface front will extend southward from the low
    across western MN/IA into eastern KS, and then southwestward into
    parts of OK and the TX Panhandle. The south and east extent of this
    front will be influenced by rather extensive early-morning
    convection. To the east of any remnant morning convection and cloud
    debris, moderate destabilization and steepening of low-level lapse
    rates will be possible from northeast OK into parts of MO/IA.
    Scattered storm development is expected during the afternoon.
    Deep-layer shear will remain rather weak, but a few weakly organized
    cells or clusters could evolve and pose some threat of locally
    damaging wind.

    Farther southwest along the trailing portion of the front,
    deep-layer shear will be somewhat stronger across parts of OK into
    the TX Panhandle, as midlevel winds veer to west-northwesterly.
    Storm coverage with southwest extent is rather uncertain, with the
    primary midlevel shortwave trough becoming increasingly removed from
    the region, but an isolated organized cell or two may evolve and
    pose some threat for hail and/or strong gusts.

    ...Southwest...
    Increasing moisture and the approaching mid/upper-level trough will
    support at least scattered storms across parts of southern/central
    AZ into southeast CA and far southern NV. Some modest enhancement to
    midlevel flow may overspread this region during the afternoon, but
    deep-layer shear is currently expected to remain rather weak. As a
    result, storms may remain disorganized, but localized downbursts
    cannot be ruled out, especially where stronger pre-storm heating
    occurs.

    ..Dean.. 09/17/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 18 05:25:06 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 180524
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 180523

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1223 AM CDT Thu Sep 18 2025

    Valid 191200Z - 201200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe storms are not currently expected on Friday.

    ...Synopsis...

    An upper shortwave trough will move across the northern/central
    Plains to the Mid/Upper MS Valley on Friday. At the surface, a weak
    low over southwest MN will lift north through the period, while a
    broad area of weak low pressure overspreads the central High Plains.
    Light southerly low-level flow will maintain mid 50s to mid 60s F
    dewpoints from the south-central U.S. northward into the Upper MS
    Valley. Pockets of weak instability are forecast, supporting diurnal thunderstorm activity from the southern Plains into the Mid/Upper MS
    Valley. Poor lapse rates and generally weak vertical shear will
    preclude severe thunderstorm potential through evening.

    As the upper shortwave trough ejects across NE toward the MO Valley
    overnight, isolated elevated convection could develop over KS in a
    warm advection regime. Cooling aloft will support steepening
    midlevel lapse rates. Northwesterly flow aloft will also strengthen
    on the back side of the upper trough. A couple of strong storms
    could produce sub-severe hail.

    Additional thunderstorms are possible across parts of the West as an
    upper shortwave trough moves northward across CA/NV into OR, an
    shortwave perturbations migrate through upper ridging over the Four
    Corners.

    ..Leitman.. 09/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 18 17:32:06 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 181732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 181730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Thu Sep 18 2025

    Valid 191200Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR SOUTHWEST NE
    INTO WESTERN/CENTRAL KS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are possible across parts of the central
    Plains on Friday. Isolated strong storms may also occur across parts
    of the Southwest and from the ArkLaTex into the Upper Midwest.

    ...Synopsis...
    A broad mid/upper-level trough will remain in place across parts of
    the northern/central Plains and Upper Midwest on Friday. Multiple
    embedded vorticity maxima will move traverse the larger-scale trough
    through the period. Across the West, a midlevel shortwave trough
    will move across parts of central/northern CA/NV, while a deeper mid/upper-level trough offshore of southern CA will move slowly
    eastward.

    ...KS/southern NE vicinity...
    A somewhat conditional Marginal Risk has been added from southwest
    NE into western KS, due to the potential for isolated supercells
    within a northwest-flow regime.

    Guidance has generally trended toward a more vigorous midlevel
    shortwave trough and jet maximum moving southeastward from the
    northern High Plains toward the lower MO Valley through the period.
    In response to this system, a weak surface low is forecast to
    develop across the central High Plains. Guidance continues to vary
    somewhat regarding the placement of any surface boundaries and
    extent of low-level moisture return during the day, but at least
    isolated storm development will be possible by late afternoon from
    southern NE into northwest KS.

    Deep-layer shear will become favorable for organized convection
    within the northwesterly flow regime along the southwest periphery
    of the aforementioned shortwave trough. Buoyancy may remain
    relatively modest (with MLCAPE of 500-1500 J/kg), but recent CAM
    guidance depicts potential for isolated supercell development, which
    could pose a threat for localized hail and gusty winds. A more
    uncertain scenario is for convection directly associated with the
    shortwave trough to intensify as it approaches southeast NE, but
    there is considerable uncertainty regarding diurnal destabilization
    in this area.

    A strengthening low-level jet could support some storm clustering
    and maintenance of elevated convection into late Friday night across
    parts of KS. Longevity of the severe threat into Friday night is
    uncertain, but isolated hail and strong gusts cannot be ruled out
    within this nocturnal regime as well.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    A midlevel shortwave trough initially over parts of IA/MO is
    generally forecast to move north-northeastward toward MN/WI through
    the day, as the trailing shortwave moves into the central
    Plains/lower MO Valley. Scattered to numerous storms will be
    possible across parts of the Upper Midwest/MS Valley, within a
    relatively moist and uncapped environment. Midlevel lapse rates and
    deep-layer shear are generally forecast to remain rather weak, so
    any severe threat will likely be dependent on sufficient diurnal heating/destabilization. Confidence in a mesoscale corridor of
    organized severe threat is too low for probabilities at this time,
    but a few strong storms will be possible.

    ...ArkLaTex into the lower/mid MS Valley...
    Scattered storm development will be possible during the afternoon
    from the ArkLaTex into the lower/mid MS Valley, though details
    regarding heating/destabilization are somewhat uncertain, due to the
    potential impact of upstream morning convection and related cloud
    debris. While deep-layer flow/shear will generally be weak across
    the region, a few strong storms will be possible if sufficient
    heating occurs. Severe probabilities may eventually be needed if
    confidence increases regarding stronger diurnal destabilization.

    ...Southwest...
    Scattered to widespread storms will again be possible across parts
    of the Southwest on Friday, within a relatively moist and moderately
    unstable environment. Deep-layer shear will generally be modest,
    resulting in uncertainty regarding any organized severe potential.
    However, localized strong gusts and small to near-severe hail will
    be possible with the strongest storms.

    ..Dean.. 09/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 19 05:34:44 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 190534
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 190533

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1233 AM CDT Fri Sep 19 2025

    Valid 201200Z - 211200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe thunderstorms are not currently expected on
    Saturday.

    ...Discussion...
    A mid-level trough will amplify across the northern Plains/Upper
    Midwest on Saturday with ridging across the eastern CONUS and the
    Rockies. A weak surface low will accompany this trough across the
    Upper Midwest with a cold front extending southwestward into
    southern Nebraska/northern Kansas. South of this front, a moist
    airmass will be present with moderate instability anticipated.
    A MCS will likely be ongoing at the beginning of the period across
    Kansas on the nose of the low-level jet. As this cluster of storms
    moves east through the day, additional storms are possible in its
    wake (across Oklahoma, southern Kansas and the TX/OK Panhandles)
    where moderate instability and weak isentropic ascent remains. These
    storms may pose a threat for isolated hail or wind gusts. However,
    while this area poses the greatest threat, the overall threat for
    organized storms remains low given weak (less than 20 knots)
    mid-level flow and a lack of more focused ascent.

    ..Bentley.. 09/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 19 17:31:45 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 191731
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 191730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Fri Sep 19 2025

    Valid 201200Z - 211200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe thunderstorms are not currently expected on
    Saturday.

    ...Discussion...
    A midlevel shortwave trough will move gradually eastward across the
    Upper Midwest through the forecast period, while being reinforced by
    an upstream midlevel impulse moving southeastward from the northern
    Plains into the base of the trough. While midlevel flow accompanying
    the trough will be modest, a broad area of DCVA will promote
    scattered thunderstorms from WI southward toward the Lower OH
    Valley. While locally strong gusts cannot be ruled out where PBL
    lapse rates diurnally steepen in cloud breaks, poor midlevel lapse
    rates (and marginal buoyancy) should limit the severe risk --
    especially given modest deep-layer flow/shear.

    Farther south, a warm/moist air mass will be in place
    along/immediately south of a quasi-stationary surface boundary
    draped across southern/central KS. In the wake of an overnight
    convective cluster moving eastward out of southeastern
    KS/northeastern OK, weak low-level warm advection atop the residual
    outflow and quasi-stationary front should promote afternoon
    thunderstorms -- focused across northern OK into far southern KS.
    Modestly enhanced midlevel west-northwesterly flow (closer to the
    midlevel trough) will conditionally support a couple strong storms
    over northeastern OK, though uncertainty regarding PBL recovery
    behind morning convection limits confidence in the risk at this
    time. If confidence in PBL recovery increases, a Marginal Risk could
    be warranted here. Steep lapse rates and ample buoyancy across
    north-central into northwest OK may also promote a couple strong
    storms, but weak deep-layer flow/shear should limit the risk of
    organized storms.

    ..Weinman.. 09/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 20 06:00:53 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 200600
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 200559

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1259 AM CDT Sat Sep 20 2025

    Valid 211200Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE OHIO VALLEY AND GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong to severe thunderstorms are possible across parts of
    the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes on Sunday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will exist across the Upper Midwest on Sunday
    with multiple mid-level shortwave troughs extending within mostly
    zonal flow from the Mid-Atlantic to the central Rockies. A split
    flow pattern will exist along the West Coast with a trough across
    the Pacific Northwest and off the southern California coast. A
    surface low will exist off the East Coast. Otherwise, the surface
    pattern will be nebulous with weak lee troughing along the central
    and northern Plains. A weak surface low may be present across the
    western Great Lakes, ahead of the mid-level shortwave trough.

    ...Ohio Valley into the Great Lakes...
    Weak to moderate instability is forecast across the Ohio Valley and
    into the Great Lakes where mid 60s dewpoints will be present.
    Forecast soundings show minimal inhibition by mid afternoon with
    weak height falls across the warm sector. CAM guidance consistently
    shows scattered thunderstorm development Sunday afternoon/evening
    across the Ohio Valley/Great Lakes associated with a fast-moving
    mid-level shortwave trough. A belt of stronger mid-level flow (35 to
    40 knots) is forecast to overspread the warm sector during the afternoon/evening. This will lead to increasing deep-layer shear
    which would aid in storm organization. A few strong to severe storms
    capable of damaging wind gusts are possible Sunday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...OK/KS Vicinity...
    A cluster of storms will likely be ongoing at the beginning of the
    period across Oklahoma. If sufficient destabilization can occur
    ahead of this cluster, a few strong storms could develop Sunday afternoon/evening. In addition, a weak mid-level shortwave trough
    (convectively enhanced by Day 1 convection across the central
    Rockies) may move across Kansas Sunday afternoon. However, given the low-amplitude nature of this wave and its dependence on Day 1
    convection, considerable uncertainty in the amplitude and timing of
    this mid-level shortwave trough exists. This precludes the addition
    of severe weather probabilities at this time, despite a somewhat
    favorable thermodynamic environment and potentially favorable shear
    if mid-level flow enhancement overspreads the same area.

    ..Bentley.. 09/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 20 17:31:24 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 201731
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 201729

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1229 PM CDT Sat Sep 20 2025

    Valid 211200Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    NORTH TEXAS...THE MIDDLE MISSOURI VALLEY...AND THE OHIO VALLEY INTO
    THE GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible across parts of north
    Texas and the Middle Missouri Valley, with the main risk being large
    hail. A few strong to severe thunderstorms capable of locally
    damaging gusts are possible across parts of the Ohio Valley into the
    Great Lakes.

    ...North Texas...
    Convection will likely be ongoing across southwest OK into western
    north TX at the start of the forecast period, which should lay out
    an outflow boundary across parts of north TX. Along/south of the
    outflow boundary and to the east of a lee trough/dryline feature, boundary-layer moisture advection and ample diurnal heating beneath
    relatively steep midlevel lapse rates will contribute to strong
    surface-based buoyancy and minimal inhibition by the afternoon.
    Aided by a glancing midlevel wave and related jet streak crossing
    western OK, isolated to widely scattered thunderstorms are expected
    near the lee trough and residual outflow boundary during the
    afternoon. A long/straight hodograph (around 40-50 kt of effective
    shear) and the aforementioned buoyancy should promote a couple
    splitting supercell structures, posing a risk of large hail. Severe
    wind gusts will also be possible, especially with any convective
    clustering that occurs with southeastward extent.

    ...Ohio Valley and Great Lakes...
    Downstream of a midlevel trough moving across the Upper MS Valley, broad/enhanced midlevel southwesterly flow will overspread a weak to
    moderately unstable and uncapped warm sector extending from the OH
    Valley into the Great Lakes. Potentially aided by a convectively
    augmented midlevel impulse moving into the Lower OH Valley, widely
    scattered thunderstorms are expected during the afternoon. Around
    20-25 kt of effective shear and a warm/moist PBL will favor a few
    loosely organized multicell clusters, capable of producing locally
    damaging gusts through the afternoon.

    ...Middle Missouri Valley...
    Within the base of a midlevel trough over the Upper MS Valley,
    isolated thunderstorms should develop near a weak surface low near
    southeast SD. While boundary-layer moisture will be limited, cold
    temperatures aloft/steep lapse rates and sufficient buoyancy should
    support a couple loosely organized cells. Marginally severe hail
    will be possible with the stronger storms that evolve during the
    evening into overnight hours.

    ..Weinman.. 09/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 21 05:59:05 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 210558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 210557

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1257 AM CDT Sun Sep 21 2025

    Valid 221200Z - 231200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF SOUTHWEST/SOUTH-CENTRAL KANSAS...WESTERN/CENTRAL OKLAHOMA...AND THE
    EASTERN TEXAS/OKLAHOMA PANHANDLES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms will be possible on Monday across
    portions of the central and southern High Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    On Monday, a mid-level trough will move from the upper
    Midwest/Missouri Valley to the Great Lakes/Ohio Valley during the
    period. Farther west, a more complicated pattern will develop as a
    ridge builds into the Pacific Northwest. As this ridge builds, a
    mid-level jet streak will be shunted south across the central
    Rockies. This will deepen a mid-level low with a closed circulation
    likely developing across the central High Plains region by 12Z
    Tuesday. In addition, a closed low will persist off the southern
    California coast for much of the period. High pressure will be
    present across much of the western CONUS with weak lee troughing
    along the central and southern High Plains. The surface pattern will
    be somewhat less defined farther east with a weak remnant front
    likely through the Upper Midwest to the western Great Lakes. High
    pressure will dominate areas east of the Appalachians.

    ...Central Plains...
    Moderate to strong instability will develop by Monday afternoon in
    the wake of a morning MCS across Oklahoma/Kansas. Forecast soundings
    show a strongly capped airmass across Kansas/Oklahoma and given the
    relatively weak forcing amid modest height falls, do not expect much thunderstorm development until after 00Z. After this time, the
    mid-level trough will start to overspread the Plains with a
    strengthening low-level jet potentially approaching 50 knots.
    Cooling temperatures aloft and strong isentropic ascent should
    result in thunderstorm development after sunset Monday evening. Seep
    mid-level lapse rates and strengthening effective shear (40 to 50
    knots) will support the potential for supercells with some hail
    threat. As upscale growth continues, the severe wind threat should
    increase and continue into the overnight period into portions of central/northern Oklahoma.

    ...NE/IA to Lake Michigan...
    Diurnal thunderstorm development is possible along a diffuse frontal
    zone from Nebraska to southern Wisconsin. Modest lapse rates and
    moderate instability along this zone will support some multicells
    capable of some hail or damaging wind gusts. However, mostly weak
    deep-layer shear (20 knots) and weak upper forcing should keep the
    overall threat along this zone relatively isolated.

    ...Tennessee Valley to the eastern Great Lakes...
    A weak mid-level shortwave trough is forecast to move through the
    Ohio Valley on Monday with moderate instability forecast ahead of
    it. An uncapped airmass and some moderate upper-level support in a
    broader zone of weak, but persistent isentropic ascent should
    support scattered thunderstorm development. Lapse rates will be
    poor, but modest effective shear amid 30 to 35 knots of mid-level
    flow may support some organized multicells capable of damaging wind
    gusts Monday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 09/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 21 06:17:28 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 210617
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 210616

    Day 2 Convective Outlook CORR 1
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0116 AM CDT Sun Sep 21 2025

    Valid 221200Z - 231200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF SOUTHWEST/SOUTH-CENTRAL KANSAS...WESTERN/CENTRAL OKLAHOMA...AND THE
    EASTERN TEXAS/OKLAHOMA PANHANDLES...

    CORRECTED FOR INCORRECT HAIL GRAPHIC

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms will be possible on Monday across
    portions of the central and southern High Plains.

    ...Synopsis...
    On Monday, a mid-level trough will move from the upper
    Midwest/Missouri Valley to the Great Lakes/Ohio Valley during the
    period. Farther west, a more complicated pattern will develop as a
    ridge builds into the Pacific Northwest. As this ridge builds, a
    mid-level jet streak will be shunted south across the central
    Rockies. This will deepen a mid-level low with a closed circulation
    likely developing across the central High Plains region by 12Z
    Tuesday. In addition, a closed low will persist off the southern
    California coast for much of the period. High pressure will be
    present across much of the western CONUS with weak lee troughing
    along the central and southern High Plains. The surface pattern will
    be somewhat less defined farther east with a weak remnant front
    likely through the Upper Midwest to the western Great Lakes. High
    pressure will dominate areas east of the Appalachians.

    ...Central Plains...
    Moderate to strong instability will develop by Monday afternoon in
    the wake of a morning MCS across Oklahoma/Kansas. Forecast soundings
    show a strongly capped airmass across Kansas/Oklahoma and given the
    relatively weak forcing amid modest height falls, do not expect much thunderstorm development until after 00Z. After this time, the
    mid-level trough will start to overspread the Plains with a
    strengthening low-level jet potentially approaching 50 knots.
    Cooling temperatures aloft and strong isentropic ascent should
    result in thunderstorm development after sunset Monday evening. Seep
    mid-level lapse rates and strengthening effective shear (40 to 50
    knots) will support the potential for supercells with some hail
    threat. As upscale growth continues, the severe wind threat should
    increase and continue into the overnight period into portions of central/northern Oklahoma.

    ...NE/IA to Lake Michigan...
    Diurnal thunderstorm development is possible along a diffuse frontal
    zone from Nebraska to southern Wisconsin. Modest lapse rates and
    moderate instability along this zone will support some multicells
    capable of some hail or damaging wind gusts. However, mostly weak
    deep-layer shear (20 knots) and weak upper forcing should keep the
    overall threat along this zone relatively isolated.

    ...Tennessee Valley to the eastern Great Lakes...
    A weak mid-level shortwave trough is forecast to move through the
    Ohio Valley on Monday with moderate instability forecast ahead of
    it. An uncapped airmass and some moderate upper-level support in a
    broader zone of weak, but persistent isentropic ascent should
    support scattered thunderstorm development. Lapse rates will be
    poor, but modest effective shear amid 30 to 35 knots of mid-level
    flow may support some organized multicells capable of damaging wind
    gusts Monday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 09/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 21 17:41:03 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 211740
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 211739

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1239 PM CDT Sun Sep 21 2025

    Valid 221200Z - 231200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS
    SOUTHWEST/SOUTH-CENTRAL KANSAS...WESTERN/CENTRAL OKLAHOMA... THE
    EASTERN TEXAS/OKLAHOMA PANHANDLES... AND SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA INTO SOUTHWESTERN IOWA/NORTHWESTERN MISSOURI...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms will be possible on Monday across
    portions of the central/southern High Plains and the low to mid
    Missouri Valley.

    ...Synopsis...
    A broad troughing pattern with two embedded upper-lows will be in
    place from the Northern Rockies into the Great Lakes region, with
    high pressure building in across the West. A diffuse frontal
    boundary will extend from the upper Great Lakes region into the
    central High Plains. Much of the central/southern Plains is expected
    to remain strongly capped through much of the day, with late
    thunderstorm development expected as the front shifts southward
    overnight.

    ...Central and Southern Plains...
    Convection will move across Oklahoma late in the D1 period on
    Sunday. In the wake of this convection, appreciable MLCIN is
    expected across much of western Oklahoma into Kansas. Strong daytime
    heating is expected under broken mid to high level clouds. Daytime
    temperatures are expected to get into the mid to upper 80s with
    convective temps approaching and exceeding 90 F. This should delay
    thunderstorm development into the evening as the cooling from the
    upper wave and cold front approach from the west.

    Given the late development and linear forcing, mode is likely to be
    linear/MCS with potential for hail early on with any more discrete
    cells that can form along and ahead of the front in western Kansas.
    A southerly low-level jet is expected to steadily increase through
    the evening, with low level curvature of the hodographs noted from
    00z onward. This may support embedded circulations within the more
    linear mode and potential for some tornado risk overnight. For now,
    confidence is low in a tornado risk developing because of the late
    timing of the upper wave and mode concerns. A Slight Risk was
    maintained and expanded eastward into eastern/northern Oklahoma with
    this outlook.

    ...NE/IA to Lake Michigan...
    Thunderstorm development is expected in the afternoon across the
    diffuse boundary from Nebraska to the Lake Michigan region. Modest
    lapse rates and moderate instability along this zone will support
    some multicells capable of some hail or damaging wind gusts.
    Confidence is greater in coverage of storms and more concentrated
    severe risk across portions of eastern Nebraska into southern Iowa.
    While deep layer shear will be modest around 20-30 kts, a few
    instances of large hail may be possible across eastern Nebraska
    before a transition to more of a damaging wind threat. A Slight Risk
    was added to account for this risk.

    ...Tennessee Valley to the Lower Great Lakes...
    A weak mid-level shortwave trough is forecast to move through the
    Ohio Valley on Monday with moderate instability forecast ahead of
    it. An uncapped air mass and some moderate upper-level support in a
    broader zone of weak, but persistent isentropic ascent should
    support scattered thunderstorm development. Lapse rates will be
    poor, but modest effective shear amid 20 to 30 knots of mid-level
    flow may support some organized multicells capable of damaging wind
    gusts Monday afternoon/evening.

    ..Thornton.. 09/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 22 05:59:38 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 220559
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 220557

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1257 AM CDT Mon Sep 22 2025

    Valid 231200Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS EASTERN
    OKLAHOMA...FAR NORTHEAST TEXAS...AND MUCH OF ARKANSAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms are possible from the southern Plains to the
    Tennessee Valley on Tuesday. Strongest thunderstorm activity is
    expected across eastern Oklahoma into northeastern Texas and
    Arkansas, where supercells capable of all severe hazards are
    possible by afternoon.

    ...Synopsis...
    A positively tilted mid-level trough will begin the period across
    eastern Colorado and shift east through the day to the Missouri
    Valley region by 12Z Wednesday. A 40 to 50 knot mid-level jet streak
    associated with overnight convection Monday night across KS/OK will
    shift east across MO/AR during the day Tuesday and gradually weaken.
    In its wake, the primary mid-level jet streak will emerge across
    Oklahoma and strengthen Tuesday night as it moves from Oklahoma into
    Arkansas. A weak surface low is forecast to be across northwest
    Oklahoma Tuesday morning. This surface low and its associated cold
    front will drift slowly east through the day.

    ...Eastern Oklahoma into much of Arkansas and northeast Texas...
    A large MCS will likely be ongoing Tuesday morning across eastern
    Kansas, southwest Missouri, and northeast Oklahoma on the nose of a
    40 to 50 knot low-level jet. As the low-level jet weakens during the
    morning and storms move east of the greatest shear/instability,
    expect the MCS to weaken. Some isolated damaging wind gusts may
    persist across northern Arkansas/southern Missouri and into TN/KY,
    but expect this activity to remain mostly sub-severe.

    The primary severe weather concern will be Tuesday afternoon/evening
    across eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. Strong instability is
    forecast across this region in the wake of the morning MCS as cool
    temperatures aloft overspread low to mid 70s dewpoints. RAP/NAM
    forecast soundings show only modest heating is necessary to erode
    inhibition. Therefore, expect additional thunderstorm development
    during the afternoon along and ahead of the cold front as it moves
    across Oklahoma. Storm motion orthogonal to the front should favor
    movement along and perhaps off of the front and into the warm
    sector. Therefore, all severe hazards will be possible across this
    region in a favorable environment featuring strong instability,
    moderate deep-layer shear, and elongating, cyclonically curved
    hodographs.

    A conditional, potentially more volatile tornado threat is possible
    across eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas if significant
    destabilization can occur north of any outflow boundary left by
    morning convection. 03Z RAP/00Z NAM forecast soundings near Fort
    Smith capture this conditional environment well and would
    potentially support strong tornadoes. However, this evolution is
    highly dependent on the evolution of Day 1 convection across Kansas
    and Oklahoma which still remains unclear. In addition, the time
    window for this favorable environment would be narrow which also
    adds conditionality to the risk. This scenario will be monitored
    closely and a Level 3/Enhanced Risk may be justified in later
    outlooks if this scenario appears more likely.

    ...Central Texas...
    Moderate instability is forecast across central/northern Texas
    Tuesday afternoon with eroding inhibition by mid-afternoon. Shear
    will be relatively weak, but will increase during the
    afternoon/evening as the mid-level jet streak drifts south. The most
    favorable zone for thunderstorm development will be the triple point
    where the cold front and dryline intersect across North Texas.
    However, additional isolated storms may also develop along the
    dryline and cold front. Isolated large hail and damaging wind gusts
    will be the primary threat from these storms Tuesday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...Tennessee Valley...
    A weak warm front may be a focus for storm development Tuesday afternoon/evening across western/middle Tennessee as moderate
    instability develops across the region. Deep-layer shear should
    remain quite weak (less than 20 knots) as the primary mid-level jet
    streak remains farther west. However, a few stronger storms capable
    of damaging wind gusts may develop during the afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 09/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 22 17:32:08 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 221732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 221730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Mon Sep 22 2025

    Valid 231200Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS EASTERN OKLAHOMA...MUCH OF ARKANSAS...NORTHEAST TEXAS...AND FAR NORTHEAST
    TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are possible from the southern Plains to the Tennessee
    Valley on Tuesday. The strongest thunderstorm activity is expected
    across eastern Oklahoma into northeastern Texas and Arkansas, where
    supercells capable of all severe hazards are possible by afternoon.

    ...Eastern Oklahoma into Arkansas and northeast Texas...
    A positively tilted large-scale trough will move slowly
    south-southeastward across the central Rockies and adjacent Plains
    through the period. Downstream of the trough, a convectively
    augmented midlevel impulse and accompanying 50 kt jet will track
    eastward across KS and northern OK during the day. A related MCS
    will be advancing eastward across eastern KS, northern OK, and
    southwest MO on Tuesday morning -- at the nose of a 40 kt low-level
    jet. Instances of severe wind and hail will be possible with this
    activity, especially along its southern flank where buoyancy will be
    maximized.

    In the wake of these storms, a weak surface low will track eastward
    across northern OK, while a southward-extending cold front moves
    slowly eastward from central into eastern OK. Despite early-day
    convective overturning across parts of eastern OK, diurnal heating
    amid lower 70s dewpoints should erode inhibition and support widely
    scattered thunderstorms both along/immediately ahead of the front
    and along residual outflow boundaries. Strong surface-based buoyancy
    and around 40 kt of effective shear oriented oblique to the front
    should initially favor a few semi-discrete supercells from eastern
    OK into AR. These storms will pose a risk of large hail, severe wind
    gusts, and perhaps a couple tornadoes -- given clockwise curved
    low-level hodographs (upwards of 200 m2/s2 effective SRH).

    Storms should gradually grow upscale as they move southeastward into
    the evening/overnight hours. Higher wind/tornado probabilities were
    considered over eastern OK into AR given the favorable environment,
    though continued uncertainty regarding early-day convection and
    implications on storm mode limit forecast confidence at this time.

    ...Central Texas...
    Moderate instability is forecast across central/northern Texas
    Tuesday afternoon with eroding inhibition by mid-afternoon. Shear
    will be relatively weak, but will increase during the
    afternoon/evening as a mid-level jet streak drifts south. The most
    favorable zone for thunderstorm development will be the triple point
    where the cold front intersects a dryline across North Texas.
    However, additional isolated storms may also develop along the
    dryline and cold front. Isolated large hail and damaging wind gusts
    will be the primary threat from these storms Tuesday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Downstream of a broad midlevel trough, widely scattered
    thunderstorms will be evolving in a moist/moderately unstable air
    mass during the afternoon. Around 20-30 kt of deep-layer shear may
    promote a couple loosely organized clusters with a risk of locally
    damaging gusts.

    ..Weinman.. 09/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 22 19:53:12 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 221953
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 221951

    Day 2 Convective Outlook CORR 1
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0251 PM CDT Mon Sep 22 2025

    Valid 231200Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS EASTERN OKLAHOMA...MUCH OF ARKANSAS...AND FAR NORTHEAST TEXAS...

    CORRECTED FOR HEADLINE

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are possible from the southern Plains to the Tennessee
    Valley on Tuesday. The strongest thunderstorm activity is expected
    across eastern Oklahoma into northeastern Texas and Arkansas, where
    supercells capable of all severe hazards are possible by afternoon.

    ...Eastern Oklahoma into Arkansas and northeast Texas...
    A positively tilted large-scale trough will move slowly
    south-southeastward across the central Rockies and adjacent Plains
    through the period. Downstream of the trough, a convectively
    augmented midlevel impulse and accompanying 50 kt jet will track
    eastward across KS and northern OK during the day. A related MCS
    will be advancing eastward across eastern KS, northern OK, and
    southwest MO on Tuesday morning -- at the nose of a 40 kt low-level
    jet. Instances of severe wind and hail will be possible with this
    activity, especially along its southern flank where buoyancy will be
    maximized.

    In the wake of these storms, a weak surface low will track eastward
    across northern OK, while a southward-extending cold front moves
    slowly eastward from central into eastern OK. Despite early-day
    convective overturning across parts of eastern OK, diurnal heating
    amid lower 70s dewpoints should erode inhibition and support widely
    scattered thunderstorms both along/immediately ahead of the front
    and along residual outflow boundaries. Strong surface-based buoyancy
    and around 40 kt of effective shear oriented oblique to the front
    should initially favor a few semi-discrete supercells from eastern
    OK into AR. These storms will pose a risk of large hail, severe wind
    gusts, and perhaps a couple tornadoes -- given clockwise curved
    low-level hodographs (upwards of 200 m2/s2 effective SRH).

    Storms should gradually grow upscale as they move southeastward into
    the evening/overnight hours. Higher wind/tornado probabilities were
    considered over eastern OK into AR given the favorable environment,
    though continued uncertainty regarding early-day convection and
    implications on storm mode limit forecast confidence at this time.

    ...Central Texas...
    Moderate instability is forecast across central/northern Texas
    Tuesday afternoon with eroding inhibition by mid-afternoon. Shear
    will be relatively weak, but will increase during the
    afternoon/evening as a mid-level jet streak drifts south. The most
    favorable zone for thunderstorm development will be the triple point
    where the cold front intersects a dryline across North Texas.
    However, additional isolated storms may also develop along the
    dryline and cold front. Isolated large hail and damaging wind gusts
    will be the primary threat from these storms Tuesday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Downstream of a broad midlevel trough, widely scattered
    thunderstorms will be evolving in a moist/moderately unstable air
    mass during the afternoon. Around 20-30 kt of deep-layer shear may
    promote a couple loosely organized clusters with a risk of locally
    damaging gusts.

    ..Weinman.. 09/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 23 05:58:14 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 230558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 230556

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1256 AM CDT Tue Sep 23 2025

    Valid 241200Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTH TEXAS
    TO THE OHIO VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered thunderstorms with occasional damaging wind gusts are
    expected from the Middle Ohio Valley to south Texas on Wednesday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A positively tilted mid-level trough will extend from the Great
    Lakes to the southern Plains at 12Z Wednesday. This trough will
    drift slowly southeast through the period with a broad mid-level jet
    extending from Texas to the Northeast. A weak surface low will move
    northeast along a frontal zone from the Mid-Mississippi Valley to
    the Upper Ohio Valley during the day Wednesday.

    ...Mid-Mississippi Valley to the Ohio Valley and central
    Appalachians...
    Extensive convection is expected along the cold front in the
    Mid-Mississippi Valley and Lower Ohio Valley on Wednesday morning.
    Expansive cloudcover will limit heating across a moist warm sector
    featuring dewpoints in the upper 60s to low 70s. The moist airmass
    will result in weak instability ahead of the cold front from
    Mississippi to southern Indiana and Ohio. A broad zone of 30 to 40
    knots of mid-level flow over this warm sector will provide ample
    shear for storm organization if stronger updrafts can develop.
    Expect some stronger storms, particularly where any filtered heating
    may result in greater instability, but overall expect severe chances
    to be more isolated/sporadic given the relatively weak lapse
    rates/instability.

    ...South Texas into Louisiana...
    Thunderstorms will likely be ongoing along a cold front across
    central Texas Wednesday morning. These storms will likely weaken
    during the morning as the low-level jet weakens/veers. Moderate
    instability is forecast to develop south of the front which will
    support redevelopment during the afternoon/evening. Shear will be
    relatively weak along this zone (20 to 25 knots), but convergence
    along the front, moderate instability, and PWAT values near 2 inches
    may support a few water-loaded downdrafts capable of damaging wind
    gusts.

    ..Bentley.. 09/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 23 17:32:47 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 231732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 231730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Tue Sep 23 2025

    Valid 241200Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTHERN
    TEXAS NORTHEASTWARD ACROSS THE OHIO VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered thunderstorms with occasional damaging wind gusts are
    expected from southern Ohio and far southwest Pennsylvania into
    southern Texas on Wednesday.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper low will remain nearly stationary over Lower MI, with the
    upper trough extending southwestward toward the southern Plains
    during the day, and sweeping eastward toward the MS Valley late.
    Within the southwest flow regime, two distinct waves are forecast,
    one over OH, and another moving from the Red River toward the lower
    MS Valley.

    At the surface, an elongated boundary/wind shift will extend from OH
    into central TX during the day, with a moist air mass to the east.
    Instability looks to be strongest MS/AL southwestward into TX, with
    dewpoints in the 70s F.

    ...East TX/Arklatex/Lower MS and TN Valleys...
    A complex of thunderstorms is forecast to be ongoing over parts of northern/northeast TX, and this activity is expected to continue
    south with the boundary. Locally strong outflow/gusts are possible.
    Additional activity will develop along the length of the boundary
    during the day, across the MS Valley and toward the TN Valley, with multicellular and/or linear storm mode producing sporadic severe
    gusts.

    ...OH/PA...
    Models indicate ongoing rain and thunderstorms early Wednesday over
    OH, within a zone of warm advection with southwest 850 mb winds.
    Uncertainty exists as to how strong the low-level shear will be
    within the warm advection zone, but a warm front should move
    northward across OH and parts of western PA. Instability will likely
    be the limiting factor to severe potential. In addition, some models
    indicate a stronger midlevel wave with much stronger 850 mb winds,
    resulting in both stronger SRH values and theta-e advection. Given
    the conditional threat of rotating storms, the Marginal Risk as been
    nudged northward.

    ..Jewell.. 09/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 24 05:53:18 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 240552
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 240551

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1251 AM CDT Wed Sep 24 2025

    Valid 251200Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE
    SOUTHEAST TO NEW ENGLAND...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered thunderstorms are expected from the Southeast to New
    England on Thursday. Isolated damaging wind gusts will be possible
    with the strongest storms.

    ...Synopsis...
    A positively tilted mid-level trough will weaken as it moves slowly
    east on Thursday. Ahead of this trough, a broad 35 to 45 knot
    mid-level jet will extend from the Southeast to New England and the
    Northeast. A surface low will deepen slightly as it moves through
    the eastern Great Lakes.

    ...Mid-Atlantic to New England...
    Extensive thunderstorm activity will likely be ongoing at the
    beginning of the period from the central Appalachians into the
    eastern Great Lakes. This will result in widespread cloudcover and
    minimal surface heating across the warm sector on Thursday. However,
    upper 60s to low 70s dewpoints and gradually cooling temperatures
    aloft will result in some instability. Around 40 knots of effective
    shear and cyclonically curved hodographs may support some storm
    organization, but overall, expect the weak instability to limit the
    overall severe weather threat.

    ...Southeast...
    Moderate instability is forecast to develop ahead of the cold front
    across the Southeast with dewpoints in the low 70s and temperatures
    in the low 80s. Despite the favorable instability, weak lapse rates
    (<6 C/km) and only modest shear (25 to 30 knots) will limit storm
    intensity. Stronger updrafts amid 2+ inch PWAT values will support
    the potential for some water loaded downdrafts Thursday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...Carolinas into Virginia...
    Slightly greater severe weather chances may be present across the
    Carolinas into Virginia Thursday afternoon where moderate
    instability and moderate shear may overlap. Lapse rates will still
    remain quite weak, but moderate instability and 30 to 35 knots of
    effective shear may result in a few stronger storms/clusters capable
    of damaging wind gusts Thursday afternoon/evening.

    ..Bentley.. 09/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 24 17:34:24 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 241734
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 241733

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1233 PM CDT Wed Sep 24 2025

    Valid 251200Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTHERN
    NEW ENGLAND TO THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered thunderstorms are expected from the Southeast to New
    England on Thursday. Isolated damaging wind gusts and a brief
    tornado will be possible with the strongest storms.

    ...Mid Atlantic into the Northeast...
    A broad upper low over the OH Valley will gradually devolve into a positive-tilt trough before moving eastward over the Northeast
    Thursday. At the surface, a weak low will traverse the St Lawrence
    Valley dragging a cold front the OH Valley and Appalachians.
    Extensive thunderstorm activity and cloud debris will likely be
    ongoing at the beginning of the period ahead of the front from the
    central Appalachians into the eastern Great Lakes. An effective warm
    frontal zone is forecast to develop eastward from the advancing low
    to across southern New England, though there remains some
    uncertainty how far north destabilization may occur. With widespread
    clouds, minimal surface heating and poor lapse rates are expected
    over much of the warm sector. Still, a very moist air mass with 60s
    to 70s F dewpoints should support some weak buoyancy (MLCAPE
    generally less than 1000 J/kg). Southwesterly flow aloft will favor
    slightly cyclonically curved hodographs with around 30-40 kt of
    deep-layer shear. This could support some storm organization ahead
    of the front into linear clusters with transient updraft rotation.
    Isolated damaging gusts are the most likely threat, though a brief
    QLCS tornado is also possible near the effective front where
    low-level flow is more backed. However, given the limited buoyancy
    and marginal storm organization, a broader severe risk appears
    unlikely.

    ...Southern Appalachians and Southeast...
    Several bands or loosely organized clusters of storms are likely to
    be ongoing at the start of the period over portions of MS/AL into GA
    and upstate SC ahead of the front. Some diurnal heating of the
    seasonably moist air mass should result in moderate buoyancy and
    some renewal in intensity during the afternoon. However, poor
    mid-level lapse rates and high PWAT values near 2 inches suggest
    generally weaker updrafts. Limited storm organization from 30 kt of
    mid-level flow suggests only sporadic damaging gust potential with
    water-loaded downdrafts.

    Somewhat greater clearing may allow for stronger surface heating and
    subsequent destabilization Thursday afternoon over portions of the
    Carolinas and southern VA. This could support more robust
    thunderstorm development during the afternoon. While the stronger
    flow aloft will likely remain displaced farther north, at least some
    overlap with the larger buoyancy could support a few organized
    multicell clusters with a locally greater damaging wind potential
    with strong outflow winds through Thursday evening.

    ...Southwest...
    An upper low over central CA will move over the Southwest late
    Thursday into D3/Friday. Cool mid-level temperatures within the low
    will overspread residual monsoon moisture supporting scattered to
    numerous thunderstorms over portion of NV, southeastern CA and AZ.
    Flow aloft will not be overly strong, but should increase to 30 kt
    overnight. This could allow for some longer-lived storms despite
    only modest buoyancy and. Isolated severe gusts are possible owing
    to the high-based nature of the storms with steep low-level lapse
    rates. However, the overnight timing and limited organization
    potential suggests the threat will be isolated.

    ..Lyons.. 09/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 25 05:47:58 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 250547
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 250546

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1246 AM CDT Thu Sep 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS SOUTHERN
    ARIZONA....

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong to severe storms are possible across portions of
    southern Arizona and far southwest New Mexico on Friday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Closed upper lows are forecast to develop near California and the
    Tennessee Valley on Friday. A cold front will linger near the
    Southeast Coast and another cold front will traverse the northern
    Plains. Otherwise, the surface pattern will remain quite nebulous.

    ...Southwest...
    Weak to potentially moderate instability is expected by mid-day
    Friday as monsoon moisture is drawn north ahead of the closed upper
    low. This will result in widespread thunderstorm activity,
    potentially starting by late morning. Mid level flow between 30 and
    40 knots will round the base of the mid-level trough and overspread
    southern Arizona. This may provide sufficient shear for a few
    organized storms/transient supercells. Mid-level lapse rates will
    continue to steepen through the day which, when combined with some
    organized storm potential, may result in some large hail. In
    addition, the steep lapse rates and hot/dry sub-cloud layer may
    result in some stronger downdrafts capable of severe wind gusts.

    ...Southeast...
    Moderate instability is forecast to develop along a cold front near
    the southeast US coast on Friday. Minimal inhibition with at least
    some weak upper-level support should result in thunderstorm
    development along the front Friday afternoon/evening. Very poor
    lapse rates may limit overall updraft intensity despite modest
    deep-layer shear. A few stronger cells may be possible, but the
    overall severe weather threat along this front should remain low.

    ..Bentley.. 09/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 25 17:05:59 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 251705
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 251704

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1204 PM CDT Thu Sep 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF
    ARIZONA INTO SOUTHWEST NEW MEXICO...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to locally severe storms are possible across portions of
    southern Arizona and far southwest New Mexico on Friday.

    ...Synopsis...
    The primary storm track will remain over Canada on Friday, with
    generally weak flow aloft over most of the CONUS. However, two
    slow-moving upper-level features will provide a focus for
    thunderstorm development. One is an upper low that will be centered
    over the Southwest, and the other is a weaker upper low/open-wave
    trough over the Southeast.

    ...AZ...
    An upper low will slowly deepen over southern CA, with cooling aloft
    spreading into AZ. Cool midlevel temperatures will exist over AZ,
    which will require little heating to remove convective inhibition.
    In addition, a substantial moist plume will exist over southern AZ,
    curling northwestward toward southern NV.

    It appears that thunderstorms will form relatively early in the day
    along the Rim where weak upslope flow will exist, with additional
    convection developing over south-central and southeastern AZ.
    Although shear will not be strong, veering winds with height and
    robust CAPE profiles with MUCAPE of 1500-2000 J/kg may support brief
    hail in the strongest cells. As storms increase in coverage,
    aggregate outflow may result in locally damaging gusts as well.

    ...Southeast...
    A weak surface trough will develop over the Carolinas into southeast
    GA as daytime heating steepens low-level lapse rates. In the
    midlevels, little if any cooling aloft is expected given the
    meridional winds aloft, but the moist air mass should result in
    about 1500 J/kg MUCAPE by afternoon. Given weak shear and poor lapse
    rates aloft, severe weather appears unlikely, but a few strong gusts
    may occur.

    ..Jewell.. 09/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 26 04:35:33 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 260435
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 260434

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1134 PM CDT Thu Sep 25 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible across the U.S.
    Saturday through Saturday night.

    ...Discussion...
    An initially strong, zonal jet across the northern mid-latitude
    Pacific is undergoing amplification, and this appears likely to
    include consolidating, deepening large-scale mid/upper troughing
    across the eastern Pacific into British Columbia/Pacific Northwest
    coast by the end of the period. Downstream, within a much weaker
    branch of westerlies across the southern mid- and subtropical
    latitudes, a mid-level low may slowly begin to pivot east/northeast
    of the lower Colorado Valley, while a downstream high rebuilds to
    the east/northeast of the mid/lower Missouri Valley. The evolution
    of weak mid-level troughing across the Southeast remains more
    unclear, but it does appear that a mid/upper high centered near
    Bermuda will become more prominent, to the north and northeast of a
    pair of developing tropical cyclones, including one which may
    continue slowly migrating north-northwestward across the Bahamas
    vicinity Saturday through Saturday night.

    Beneath the mid-level troughing across the Southwest and southern
    Rockies, and across the Southeast (which may also include a residual
    cyclonic circulation near the southern Appalachians), models
    continue to indicate only modest to weak diurnal destabilization
    Saturday. While this will probably be sufficient to contribute to
    scattered thunderstorm activity during the afternoon into evening,
    with deep-layer mean flow and shear remaining generally weak, the
    risk for severe thunderstorms still appears negligible.

    ..Kerr.. 09/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 26 08:39:03 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 260838
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 260837

    Day 2 Convective Outlook CORR 1
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0337 AM CDT Fri Sep 26 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    CORRECTED OUTLOOK GRAPHIC

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible across the U.S.
    Saturday through Saturday night.

    ...Discussion...
    An initially strong, zonal jet across the northern mid-latitude
    Pacific is undergoing amplification, and this appears likely to
    include consolidating, deepening large-scale mid/upper troughing
    across the eastern Pacific into British Columbia/Pacific Northwest
    coast by the end of the period. Downstream, within a much weaker
    branch of westerlies across the southern mid- and subtropical
    latitudes, a mid-level low may slowly begin to pivot east/northeast
    of the lower Colorado Valley, while a downstream high rebuilds to
    the east/northeast of the mid/lower Missouri Valley. The evolution
    of weak mid-level troughing across the Southeast remains more
    unclear, but it does appear that a mid/upper high centered near
    Bermuda will become more prominent, to the north and northeast of a
    pair of developing tropical cyclones, including one which may
    continue slowly migrating north-northwestward across the Bahamas
    vicinity Saturday through Saturday night.

    Beneath the mid-level troughing across the Southwest and southern
    Rockies, and across the Southeast (which may also include a residual
    cyclonic circulation near the southern Appalachians), models
    continue to indicate only modest to weak diurnal destabilization
    Saturday. While this will probably be sufficient to contribute to
    scattered thunderstorm activity during the afternoon into evening,
    with deep-layer mean flow and shear remaining generally weak, the
    risk for severe thunderstorms still appears negligible.

    ..Kerr.. 09/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 26 16:47:04 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 261647
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 261645

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1145 AM CDT Fri Sep 26 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible across the U.S.
    Saturday through Saturday night.

    ...Synopsis...

    An upper trough over the eastern U.S. will shift east/northeast
    through the period. Enhanced mid/upper south/southwesterly flow will
    overspread eastern portions of the Carolinas to the Mid-Atlantic
    ahead of a surface cold front. While a very moist airmass will be in
    place (upper 60s to low 70s F dewpoints), ongoing showers and
    thunderstorms Saturday morning and persistent cloudiness will limit
    daytime heating. As a result, only weak destabilization is expected
    amid weak lapse rates. While some locally gusty winds will be
    possible, overall severe potential is expected to be low.

    Across the western U.S., a closed upper low will persist over the Southwest/southern CA vicinity. Southerly low-level flow will
    maintain a modestly moist airmass as weak destabilization is
    forecast (generally less than 1000 J/kg MLCAPE). Stronger
    destabilization will be tempered by cloudiness and poor midlevel
    lapse rates. Weak vertical shear is also forecast. Nevertheless,
    where stronger heating occurs, steepened low-level lapse rates could
    support locally gusty winds with stronger thunderstorms. Small,
    sub-severe hail also could occur with stronger storms given
    temperatures at or below -10 C near/above 500 mb. Overall, severe
    potential is expected to remain low.

    ..Leitman.. 09/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 27 04:46:38 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 270446
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 270445

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1145 PM CDT Fri Sep 26 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible across the U.S.
    Sunday through Sunday night.

    ...Discussion...
    Latest model output indicates little change from prior runs
    concerning the large-scale pattern evolution through this period.
    It still appears that amplified troughing within the mid-latitude
    westerlies will continue to slowly advance inland of the North
    American Pacific coast. As this occurs, downstream ridging across
    the Canadian Prairies likely will become more amplified, while flow
    farther east trends broadly cyclonic across the eastern Canadian
    provinces through the northwestern Atlantic.

    Within the southern mid- and subtropical latitudes to the south and
    east of this regime, shorter wavelength developments within
    generally weak flow remain more unclear due to model
    spread. However, broad, weak mid-level troughing may continue to
    shift east-northeast of the lower Colorado Valley through the
    southern Rockies, while large-scale weak mid-level troughing lingers
    across the Southeast, to the southeast of developing high over the
    Midwest. At the same time, a pair of evolving tropical cyclones may
    continue to progress west-northwestward across parts of the
    southwestern Atlantic through Bahamas vicinity, to the southwest of
    a notable high centered near Bermuda.

    Similar to Saturday, due to generally weak deep-layer mean wind
    fields and rather modest to weak diurnal destabilization, the risk
    for severe thunderstorms across the U.S. appears negligible.
    However, scattered afternoon and evening thunderstorm development
    appears probable across parts of the Intermountain West and Rockies,
    as well as across parts of the Southeast.

    ..Kerr.. 09/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 27 16:58:43 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 271658
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 271656

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1156 AM CDT Sat Sep 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are not expected across the Contiguous U.S.
    tomorrow (Sunday).

    ...Synopsis...
    Broad yet weak mid-level troughing will overspread the western U.S.
    while upper ridging dominates the CONUS east of the Rockies tomorrow
    (Sunday). A weak surface low will meander over the Baja Peninsula
    while surface high pressure will overspread the Rockies, as well as
    the Upper MS Valley into the Great Lakes and northern Appalachians.
    As such, the best chance for thunderstorms will be across portions
    of the Interior West, where upper support with the mid-level trough
    will lift a marginally buoyant airmass. Thunderstorms will also be
    possible across the Florida Peninsula, up to the Carolina coastline,
    where convective bands associated with Tropical Depression Nine
    attempt to move ashore amid marginal instability. The chance of any
    severe in these aforementioned areas is very low, so severe
    probabilities are not currently warranted.

    ..Squitieri.. 09/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 28 04:47:46 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 280447
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 280445

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1145 PM CDT Sat Sep 27 2025

    Valid 291200Z - 301200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible Monday through
    Monday night.

    ...Discussion...
    Latest model output indicates little change from prior runs
    concerning the larger-scale flow evolution through this period.
    Amplification within the westerlies is forecast to translate
    eastward, with mid-level ridging building across much of interior
    Canada and adjacent portions of the northern U.S. and downstream
    troughing slowly digging across the northwestern Atlantic through
    Canadian Maritimes and northern New England. Upstream, large-scale
    troughing across the mid-latitude eastern Pacific into western North
    America may lose some amplitude, as a couple of embedded short waves
    progress northeastward inland of coastal areas. However, it appears
    that deeper troughing will be reinforced offshore of the southern
    British Columbia/Pacific Northwest coast by a couple of much more
    vigorous digging short wave perturbations, which models indicate
    will probably provide support for renewed strong cyclogenesis across
    the northeastern Pacific.

    In the southern mid- to subtropical latitudes preceding this regime,
    mid-level troughing within generally weak flow is forecast to slowly
    shift northeast and east of the southern Rockies into the Great
    Plains Monday through Monday night. However, a modest blocking
    downstream high will probably be maintained across the Midwest, with
    weak mid-level troughing lingering across the Southeast.

    A pair of tropical cyclones are likely to continue slowly migrating north-northwestward across parts of the subtropical western
    Atlantic, including one north of the Bahamas toward the Carolina
    coast.

    ...Southeast Atlantic coastal areas...
    Based on latest model output concerning the most probable track of
    Tropical Depression Nine through 12Z Tuesday, the environment
    becoming potentially conducive to low-topped supercells capable of
    producing tornadoes, as it perhaps strengthens to a hurricane to the
    east of the Florida Peninsula, will likely remain well offshore of
    south Atlantic coastal areas.

    ..Kerr.. 09/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 28 16:46:18 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 281646
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 281644

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1144 AM CDT Sun Sep 28 2025

    Valid 291200Z - 301200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are not expected tomorrow (Monday).

    ...Synopsis...
    A broad mid-level trough will impinge on the Interior West while a
    tropical cyclone parallels the FL Peninsula and encroaches on the
    Carolina shoreline tomorrow (Monday). Deep-layer ascent with the
    western trough will encourage the development of scattered to
    numerous thunderstorms across the northern Great Basin into the
    northern Rockies. Given strong vertical wind shear amid scant
    buoyancy, some of the stronger storms over NV into OR and ID may
    produce strong wind gusts. Multiple weak mid-level impulses
    preceding the western upper trough will traverse the Rockies and the
    Upper MS Valley, providing enough lift of a moist airmass to support
    isolated to potentially scattered thunderstorms in these regions.

    Outer rainbands from TD9 will approach the FL Peninsula and Carolina
    coastline through the period. However, current forecast trajectories
    of TD9 suggest that the northeast quadrant rainbands (and
    accompanying favorable buoyancy/shear profiles) should remain
    offshore. As such, no tornado probabilities have been introduced
    this outlook.

    ..Squitieri.. 09/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 29 04:52:51 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 290452
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 290450

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1150 PM CDT Sun Sep 28 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 011200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible across the U.S.
    Tuesday through Tuesday night.

    ...Discussion...
    Latest model output indicates little change from prior runs
    concerning the larger-scale pattern evolution through this period.
    In the wake of a significant digging short wave trough, downstream
    of amplified mid-level ridging slowly shifting eastward through the
    Hudson Bay/Ontario/upper Great Lakes vicinity, models indicate that
    expansive cool surface ridging will begin to build across much of
    the eastern Canadian provinces through Great Lakes, Northeast and
    Mid Atlantic by late Tuesday night, beneath a strongly confluent
    regime. Upstream, a significant mid-level trough and associated
    deep lower/mid-tropospheric cyclone are forecast to continue slowly
    approaching southern British Columbia and Pacific Northwest coastal
    areas, preceded by a couple of weak short wave perturbations
    accompanied by modestly deepening surface troughing across the
    Canadian Prairies into the lee of the northern U.S. Rockies.

    In lower latitudes, within a belt of weaker flow to the south of a
    blocking mid-level high lingering over the Midwest/middle
    Mississippi Valley, weak mid-level troughing is forecast to dig
    offshore of the Texas Gulf coast into the western Gulf Basin. As a
    downstream trough begins to slowly progress offshore of the south
    Atlantic Seaboard, guidance generally indicates that Imelda will
    slowly accelerate eastward, further away from the south Atlantic
    Seaboard.

    As this regime evolves, it is possible that residual low-level
    moisture and/or cooling aloft may contribute to areas with
    sufficient destabilization for scattered thunderstorm development,
    from near the Pacific Northwest coast, across the Rockies and parts
    of the Upper Midwest. Orographic forcing, and lift associated with
    a digging perturbation within cyclonic flow across the mountains of
    western North Carolina and Georgia, may support additional
    thunderstorm development Tuesday afternoon. However, it appears
    that this will be mostly modest to weak in intensity, with generally
    negligible risk for severe weather.

    ..Kerr.. 09/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 29 17:11:56 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 291711
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 291710

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1210 PM CDT Mon Sep 29 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 011200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms appear unlikely on Tuesday.

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    A deep upper low will exist off the coast of British Columbia, with
    a large area of cyclonic flow aloft encompassing much of the western
    states. Cooling aloft with a leading wave as well as daytime heating
    will lead to scattered thunderstorms over parts of the Great Basin
    into MT, but with relatively weak instability.

    To the east, an upper ridge will exist from the MS Valley into the
    upper Great Lakes, with an upper trough from New England into the
    Maritimes. Midlevel moisture over the Southeast as well cool
    temperatures aloft could yield isolated thunderstorms over the
    southern Appalachians during the afternoon, while daytime heating
    and coastal convergence within a moist air mass support a few cells
    developing over eastern/southeastern coasts of the FL Peninsula.

    Elsewhere, a surface trough will develop over the northern High
    Plains, with instability developing from northern MN into ND.
    Thunderstorms chances are generally low in these areas due to weak
    ascent, but a storm or two cannot be ruled out near peak heating.

    ..Jewell.. 09/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 30 04:44:02 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 300443
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 300442

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1142 PM CDT Mon Sep 29 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible Wednesday
    through Wednesday night.

    ...Discussion...
    Beneath a confluent mid-level regime, in the wake of a short wave
    trough digging off the north Atlantic coast, it still appears that
    the center of an expansive cool surface ridge will shift southeast
    of the southern Hudson/James Bay vicinity through much of the
    Northeast and Mid Atlantic by late Wednesday night. The weaker
    southwestern flank of this ridge may be maintained as far south and
    west as the northern Gulf Basin and southern Great Plains, with the
    frontal zone on the leading edge of the cooler air stalling across
    or just south of the southern Florida Peninsula, while advancing
    further offshore of the remainder of the Atlantic Seaboard, in the
    wake of east-northeastward accelerating Humberto and Imelda.

    Upstream flow westward into the northern mid-latitude Pacific may
    continue to trend a bit more zonal through at least this period.
    Within this regime, an initially deep, occluded surface cyclone
    offshore of the southern British Columbia/Pacific Northwest coast is
    forecast to undergo rapid weakening near Vancouver Island. However,
    mid-level troughing, with a couple of notable embedded
    perturbations, is forecast to gradually progress into/across the
    Pacific coast by 12Z Thursday.

    ...Northwest...
    As a modest residual mid-level cold pool migrates inland off the
    northeastern Pacific, it may contribute to sufficient boundary-layer destabilization for scattered weak thunderstorm activity west of the
    Cascades, and perhaps farther inland across parts of the northern
    intermountain region, Wednesday through Wednesday night.

    ...Great Plains...
    Models indicate sufficiently steep lapse rates and
    boundary-layer/mid-level moisture to support weak to moderate
    potential instability focused near modest surface troughing across
    the northern into central Great Plains. As stronger mid/upper
    support for ascent generally shifts north of the international
    border early in the period, weak lift and warm mid-level
    temperatures may inhibit thunderstorm development rooted within a
    narrow corridor of boundary-layer instability forecast across the
    eastern Dakotas by late afternoon.

    Potential for convection rooted within moistening layers aloft
    remains more unclear, and latest guidance suggests that isolated
    convection capable of producing lightning might be possible across a
    sizable portion of the northern and central Great Plains. However,
    it still appears probable that this will be rather sparse in
    coverage, with less than 10 percent thunderstorm probabilities
    maintained. One exception may be across the Red River/northwestern
    Minnesota vicinity, where a clustering of weak thunderstorms appears
    possible supported by lift associated with low-level warm advection, particularly early in the period.

    ...Florida Peninsula...
    Low-level convergence aided by moist post-frontal northeasterly to
    easterly low-level flow may support isolated to widely scattered
    thunderstorm development near the Atlantic coast during the day.
    Additional development inland across the peninsula Wednesday night
    is more unclear, but could be aided by mid-level cooling associated
    with a weak approaching mid-level trough.

    ..Kerr.. 09/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 30 17:07:31 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 301707
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 301706

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1206 PM CDT Tue Sep 30 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible on Wednesday.

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    An upper trough will remain over the northwestern states on
    Wednesday as an upper low slowly fills off the coast of British
    Columbia. Cool temperatures aloft combined with daytime heating may
    yield isolated weak thunderstorms across coastal WA and perhaps over
    northern ID and vicinity.

    To the east, southwest flow aloft and a lead wave will affect the
    northern Plains, where a surface trough and wind shift will develop.
    Weak instability, some elevated, combined with a developing
    southerly low-level jet may support isolated thunderstorms late
    afternoon through evening, with little if any severe potential.

    Elsewhere, an area of cooler air aloft will move from the Gulf
    eastward across FL late Wednesday night, which when combined with
    increasing shoreline convergence along the eastern shores of the FL
    Peninsula could yield a few thunderstorms as a harsh midlevel
    subsidence inversion is gradually reduced. For the daytime period,
    little if any lightning is anticipated due to the inversion, though
    shallow convective showers will still be possible.

    ..Jewell.. 09/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 1 04:35:04 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 010435
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 010433

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1133 PM CDT Tue Sep 30 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible across the U.S.
    Thursday through Thursday night.

    ...Discussion...
    It appears that stronger, more zonal and progressive mid/upper flow
    will become increasingly confined to the higher latitudes during
    this period, while a branch of westerlies across the mid-latitude
    Pacific into the western U.S. trends more amplified. Near the
    leading edge of the lower latitude regime, this is forecast to
    include a notable short wave trough digging inland across the
    northern/central California coast vicinity late Thursday through
    Thursday night. In advance of this perturbation, models indicate
    that mid-level ridging will build north-northeast of a subtropical
    high centered over the Mexican Plateau, and within the mid-latitude
    westerlies across the Great Plains.

    Downstream, it appears that ridging in the mid-latitude westerlies
    will broaden eastward offshore of the northern and middle Atlantic
    coast, while broad, weak troughing in the subtropical latitudes digs
    a bit further, south-southwestward through the Gulf Basin. Beneath
    this regime, though slowly weakening while becoming centered near or
    just offshore of the northern Mid Atlantic coast, a surface ridge
    may continue to encompass an expansive area from the Gulf coast and
    southern Great Plains through the northwestern Atlantic.

    ...Great Basin into northern Rockies...
    A corridor of scattered thunderstorm development still appears
    possible, mostly near a frontal zone across parts of southwestern
    Montana through north central Nevada, after 03/00Z Thursday evening
    into Thursday night. This is expected to be aided by forcing for
    ascent downstream of the inland digging short wave trough, in the
    presence of strengthening deep layer shear becoming conditionally
    supportive of organized convective development. However, due to
    thermodynamic profiles supportive of only rather weak CAPE, and
    characterized by a stabilizing boundary due to the onset of diurnal
    cooling, the risk for severe weather still appears negligible.

    ...Southern Florida Peninsula...
    Scattered thunderstorm development appears likely within moist east-northeasterly post-frontal low-level flow, with thunderstorm
    probabilities perhaps highest where low-level convergence becomes
    focused across southeast coastal areas, in the presence of weak to
    moderate CAPE. An isolated strong wind gust may not be entirely out
    of the question, aided by heavy precipitation loading, but generally
    weak low/mid-level flow and shear still seem likely to minimize the
    risk for severe weather through this period.

    ..Kerr.. 10/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 1 16:41:38 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 011641
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 011640

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1140 AM CDT Wed Oct 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are not expected tomorrow (Thursday).

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will amplify across the western U.S. as upper
    ridging persists east of the Rockies tomorrow (Thursday). With
    surface high pressure and associated statically stable conditions
    prevailing over the Rockies, and from the MS River to the East
    Coast, thunderstorm potential will remain quite low over most
    locales. A few lightning flashes may be observed from the southern
    Sierra to the northern Rockies, as deep-layer ascent from the
    aforementioned mid-level trough will lift a marginally buoyant
    airmass. A pocket of colder temperatures aloft will also overspread
    the Washington coastline, with a couple of lightning flashes
    possible given scant buoyancy. A few thunderstorms may develop
    across the Upper MS Valley in association with a passing mid-level
    impulse. Lastly, modest low-level moisture will pivot around the
    eastern U.S. surface high over the FL Peninsula into the Mid-MS
    Valley, which may promote a couple of thunderstorms.

    ..Squitieri.. 10/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 2 04:49:13 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 020449
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 020447

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1147 PM CDT Wed Oct 01 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FRIDAY AFTERNOON
    INTO FRIDAY EVENING ACROSS PARTS OF THE EASTERN GREAT BASIN AND
    ADJACENT NORTHERN ROCKIES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms may impact parts of the northern
    intermountain region into northern Rockies, accompanied by at least
    some risk for severe wind and hail late Friday afternoon and
    evening.

    ...Discussion...
    Models continue to indicate that generally weaker, but more
    amplified, flow will prevail across the southern mid-latitudes of
    the eastern Pacific into western Atlantic through this period, with
    a stronger somewhat more progressive regime across the northern
    mid-latitudes. Within this regime, large-scale mid-level ridging
    offshore of the North American Pacific coast may continue to build
    through much of the eastern Pacific, where both streams may become
    largely in phase. Downstream, while mid-level troughing, with a
    couple of embedded smaller-scale perturbations, may progress across
    the Canadian Rockies into the Canadian Prairies, another notable
    short wave trough is forecast to continue to digging across the
    Sierra Nevada into the Great Basin Friday through Friday night.

    Farther east, broad southern mid-latitude mid-level ridging may
    slowly shift eastward across the Ohio Valley through Mid Atlantic
    vicinity, while in lower latitudes weak mid/upper troughing lingers
    across the Gulf Basin into southwestern Atlantic.

    Beneath this regime, it appears that surface ridging will be
    maintained, but continue to slowly weaken, from the Gulf Coast and
    southern Great Plains into the mid-latitude western Atlantic. While
    surface troughing may modestly deepen across the northern Great
    Plains into the lee of the Front Range, a substantive return flow of
    low-level moisture emanating from the Gulf Basin will continue to be
    impeded. Even so, some continuing gradual increase in surface dew
    points appears possible along and southeast of the surface
    troughing, which may contribute to modest diurnal boundary-layer destabilization beneath a north-northeastward advecting plume of
    warm and capping elevated-mixed layer air.

    ...Eastern Great Basin and adjacent northern Rockies...
    Mid-level cooling and forcing for ascent, downstream of the fairly
    vigorous short wave trough, are likely to contribute to at least
    weak boundary-layer destabilization in a corridor ahead of an
    associated surface cold front by late Friday afternoon. It appears
    that this will coincide with strengthening of southwesterly
    mid-level flow (including to 50-60+ kt around 500 mb), which will
    contribute to strong shear supportive of organized convective
    development. This may include a few supercell structures posing a
    risk for severe wind and hail, particularly near the exit region of
    the mid-level jet spreading across parts of southeastern Idaho into southwestern Montana and western Wyoming. Farther south, across
    parts of eastern Utah into western Colorado, thermodynamic profiles,
    including a warmer and more deeply mixed boundary-layer, may be more
    conducive to primarily a severe wind threat into early Friday
    evening.

    ..Kerr.. 10/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 2 16:47:18 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 021647
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 021645

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1145 AM CDT Thu Oct 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE NORTHERN ROCKIES INTO THE FOUR CORNERS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe gusts and perhaps a couple instances of hail may
    occur across the northern Rockies into the Four Corners tomorrow
    (Friday).

    ...Synopsis...
    A pronounced mid-level trough will progress across the Interior West
    while upper ridging persists east of the Rockies tomorrow (Friday).
    The approach of the upper trough will encourage surface low
    development over the northern Plains, with appreciable low-level
    moisture return expected across the Plains and MS Valley. Given
    limited forcing for ascent east of the Rockies, thunderstorm
    development should be limited to the warm front over the Upper MS
    Valley, and along the Gulf Coast with low-level moisture pivoting
    around a surface high along the East Coast. West of the Rockies
    though, where upper support is present, cooler temperatures aloft
    will promote enough buoyancy to support scattered thunderstorm
    development. Given stronger flow aloft and associated vertical wind
    shear, some storms could become strong and sustained.

    ...Portions of the Northern Rockies to the Four Corners...
    Scattered thunderstorms will develop by afternoon ahead of the upper
    trough, once a well-mixed boundary layer, extending over 600 mb,
    becomes established. Temperatures will warm into the 70s F, beneath
    7-8 C/km lapse rates, resulting in a few hundred J/kg MLCAPE. This
    buoyancy will be constrained to thin profiles, which may limit the
    severe threat to some degree. Nonetheless, a 50-70 kt 500 mb jet
    streak will impinge on the Northern Rockies to Four Corners regions,
    resulting in elongated and modestly curved hodographs. High-based,
    fast-moving multicells are the expected mode of convection, with
    strong wind gusts likely. A few severe gusts may occur, along with
    an instance or two of hail, warranting Category 1/Marginal risk
    probabilities across the northern Rockies to the Four Corners.

    ..Squitieri.. 10/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 3 05:44:54 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 030544
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 030543

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1243 AM CDT Fri Oct 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM NORTHEAST
    COLORADO INTO NORTHWEST MINNESOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorms may impact a corridor across parts of the
    central and northern Great Plains late Saturday afternoon into the
    nighttime hours. Some risk for severe wind and hail will accompany
    this activity.

    ...Central High Plains to Northwest MN...

    A shortwave upper trough over the Great Basin will lift northeast to
    the northern Plains on Saturday. A belt of moderate southwesterly
    mid/upper flow will overspread the central Rockies to the Upper
    Midwest as this occurs. At the surface, troughing is forecast across
    the High Plains, with an elongated area of low pressure stretching
    from SD into northern MN during much of the period. The surface low
    will deepen over the northern Plains late in the period as the upper
    shortwave trough ejects northeast. Modest boundary layer moisture
    (mid 50s to low 60s F) will be in place to the east of the surface
    trough across the central Plains, and ahead of a surface cold front
    extending from the SD surface low into eastern ND/northern MN.

    Capping will likely preclude diurnal convection across the warm
    sector. However, cooling aloft/steepening midlevel lapse rates may
    support thunderstorm development across the higher terrain of CO/WY
    by mid/late afternoon. These storms may then become better organized
    as they move into NE/SD by evening as they interact with the surface
    cold front within a modestly unstable airmass. Convection will
    likely remain elevated/just to the cool side of the surface front
    and maintain a linear mode given deep shear parallel to the surface
    boundary. Isolated strong to severe storms may produce strong gusts
    with this activity as convection develops east/northeast along the
    surface boundary during the evening/overnight. If any elevated
    convection can maintain a cellular mode, isolated hail also could
    occur.

    ..Leitman.. 10/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 3 16:52:27 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 031652
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 031650

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1150 AM CDT Fri Oct 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE CENTRAL ROCKIES INTO THE NORTHERN PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe wind gusts/hail may accompany the stronger
    thunderstorms across the central Rockies into the northern High
    Plains tomorrow (Saturday).

    ...Synopsis...
    Broad upper troughing will take place across the western and central
    U.S., while upper riding perseveres over the eastern CONUS tomorrow
    (Saturday). A pronounced embedded mid-level impulse will eject into
    the northern Plains, supporting the deepening of a surface low over
    SD by afternoon, with a second surface low likely developing over
    western WY. Low-level moisture will advect northward ahead of the SD
    surface low as a cold front approaches from the central/northern
    High Plains. An unstable but capped airmass will characterize the
    warm sector, with thunderstorm development most likely along and
    behind the cold front by tomorrow evening. Given adequate vertical
    wind shear, a few of these storms may be severe across the central
    Rockies into the northern Plains.

    ...Central Rockies into the central High Plains...
    Thunderstorms are expected to develop by afternoon in association
    with the western (WY) surface low, atop a mixed boundary layer.
    Instability will be marginal over the central Rockies toward the
    central High Plains (e.g. less than 500 J/kg MLCAPE). However,
    rapidly strengthening winds with height will support strong speed
    shear. As such, multicells with an isolated severe wind/hail threat
    will exist across the central Rockies into the central High Plains
    during the afternoon hours.

    ...Northern High Plains...
    By afternoon peak heating, ahead of the cold front, surface
    temperatures will likely reach into the upper 80s F, amid low 60s F
    dewpoints across the northern Plains. Across the warm sector,
    1000-2500 J/kg MLCAPE is expected, with the higher values of MLCAPE
    constrained to the eastern Dakotas and MN, where richer low-level
    moisture will be. Deep-layer forcing for ascent, needed to support
    thunderstorm development against appreciable MLCINH, will be
    displaced to the west, closer to and behind the surface cold front.
    As forcing gradually overspreads the northern Plains/cold front
    during the evening, thunderstorms should develop along/immediately
    behind the cold front. Given strong speed shear parallel to the
    front, the stronger linear segments will be capable of isolated
    severe gusts and perhaps an instance of hail Saturday evening and
    overnight.

    ..Squitieri.. 10/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 4 05:16:30 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 040516
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 040515

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1215 AM CDT Sat Oct 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE CENTRAL PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible over portions of the
    central Plains on Sunday.

    ...Plains to the Upper Midwest...

    A series of upper shortwave troughs will move across the northern
    Plains and Upper Midwest on Sunday. The first shortwave trough will
    lift northeast from ND/MN into Ontario early in the day. Lingering
    showers and thunderstorms beneath the core of this feature are
    possible across parts of eastern ND into northern MN during the
    morning hours.

    During the afternoon/evening, a second upper shortwave trough will
    develop southeast from the Canadian Prairies into the northern
    Plains. This will support a belt of enhanced mid/upper southwesterly
    flow from the central High Plains into the Upper Midwest. This belt
    of stronger flow will overlap a surface cold front developing
    southeast across the central Plains and Upper MS Valley during the
    late afternoon into the overnight hours. Modestly southerly
    low-level flow will maintain mid 50s to low 60s F surface dewpoints
    ahead of the surface front. Steepening midlevel lapse rates will
    foster modest destabilization, with MLCAPE generally in the 500-1000
    J/kg range, particularly across parts of KS into eastern NE,
    weakening with northeast extent. Midlevel temperatures will be warm,
    resulting in capping until late afternoon/evening when forcing along
    the front will increase. Isolated storms are expected to develop
    across parts of KS into eastern NE toward 00z. Supercell wind
    profiles will be present with 35+ kt effective shear magnitudes
    indicated in forecast soundings. However, deep shear parallel to the
    front may result in convection becoming undercut/moving to the cool
    side of the boundary with time. Nevertheless, a narrow corridor for
    isolated strong to severe storms is expected to develop for a few
    hours during the evening, mainly across KS into southeast NE. A few
    strong gusts and some hail will be possible with the strongest
    storms.

    Limited instability and a relatively narrow temporal/spatial
    corridor for severe potential precludes higher probabilities. The
    Marginal risk (level 1 of 5) is maintained, but shifted some to
    better align with current forecast position of the surface front.

    ..Leitman.. 10/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 4 17:25:35 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 041725
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 041723

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1223 PM CDT Sat Oct 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF WESTERN/CENTRAL KS INTO SOUTHEAST NE...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible over portions of the
    central Plains on Sunday, mainly during the late afternoon and
    evening.

    ...Synopsis...
    An initially vigorous mid/upper-level shortwave trough is forecast
    to gradually weaken as it moves quickly northeastward from the
    Dakotas into northern Ontario through the period. A relatively deep
    surface low will move northeastward in conjunction with this system,
    as a trailing cold front moves through parts of the central Plains
    into the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes.

    ...KS/southeast NE into the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...
    It appears that the Dakotas shortwave trough will eject too early
    and too far north to have more than a glancing influence on late afternoon/evening storm development, though a strong storm or two
    cannot be ruled out in the morning with this system. In the wake of
    the ejecting shortwave, moderate to strong low/midlevel flow will
    remain in place along the frontal corridor. Low-level moisture will
    be modest at best (with dewpoints generally in the 50s to low 60s
    F), but relatively strong heating will result in MLCAPE increasing
    to 500-1000 J/kg (generally greater with southwest extent) by late afternoon/early evening.

    Diurnal storm development may remain relatively isolated, given the
    absence of stronger large-scale ascent in the wake of the ejecting
    shortwave. Convection is expected to increase in coverage through
    the evening near and just behind the front, aided by a southwesterly
    low-level jet. The greatest relative severe potential still appears
    to reside from west-central KS into southeast NE, where instability
    may be sufficient for at least transient storm organization in the
    presence of sufficient deep-layer shear. Localized severe gusts and
    possibly some hail could accompany the strongest storms. The
    Marginal Risk has been maintained across the region because of this
    potential, with only minor adjustments.

    Farther northeast, relatively strong low/midlevel flow and
    prefrontal heating/mixing will be favorable for gusty-wind potential
    into parts of the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes. However, with weak
    buoyancy and a tendency for the bulk of convection to be relatively
    late, damaging-wind potential remains too uncertain for
    probabilities at this time.

    ..Dean.. 10/04/2025

    $$

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